Advocatehealth!

A Brief Anthropology of the Nigerian Healthcare Tier System and Her Primary Healthcare Exigency: comments

2010-03-25T10:03:00.000-07:00

Tun left the following comments on an earlier post. Please read the original post first. I thank Tun for the comments.

Good (if slightly inaccurate) reading of Nigeria's medical history. Just wish to point out that the Colonial Medical Service started way before the Second World War. Indeed, the first set of medical officers were sent out in 1898. You are of course correct that primary attention was given to European personnel; but because part of the mandate of the service was to gather medical and scientific data, doctors had to be interested in treating locals.
You may wish to correct these in your blog so that some unknowing visitor may not be so misinformed.
Best wishes.

Lessons from my trip

2009-11-12T16:33:00.000-08:00

I am in Monrovia for a scientific meeting. I have been here for about a week. I have learnt quite a lot during this short stay. I itemise my musings below:
1. The destruction caused by the Liberian war is of no small dimension
2. The attendant national retrogression is not quantifiable
3. The human spirit is resilient
4. The efforts of the government here to return a similitude of normal life has reached a fevered pitch
5. The favourable disposition of the average Liberian towards Madam Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is contagious
6. The plea of Liberia for assistance with capacity building is urgent and cogent
7. There is a marked presence of the international community here helping with national revamping
8. The dearth of quality translational research in the West African sub-region is alarming
9. Feeble efforts are being made by stakeholders to correct this dearth
These are some of my thoughts.

Healthcare-Associated Infections

2009-10-16T08:31:00.000-07:00

I received this email today. The content may interest you. Please read.

Hi IFEOLU

One thing everyone can agree on, no matter where they come down on the current health care debates, is that no one should get sick as a result of visiting the doctor.

Hospitals are rightfully expected to get you better but that's not always the case. Sometimes people are picking up infections, from pneumonia to antibiotic-resistant staph (MRSA), while under treatment for other health problems, or even while just in the hospital having a baby. That's a situation that could, and should, be completely avoidable.

Kimberly-Clark Health Care is on the forefront of protecting patients from Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) and has put together a site dedicated to that prevention called HAI Watch: Not on My Watch. The site has information for both healthcare professionals and healthcare consumers.

I would like to ask for your help getting the word out on AdvocateHealth!. Here's a microsite which explains everything. Please use any of the images, logos, videos, etc, on your site:

http://www.haiwatchnews.com/

Please let me know if you have any questions and if you are able to post, I'd really appreciated it if you'd send me the link.

Thank you,

Barbara
--
Barbara Dunn
barbara@haiwatchnews.com
www.haiwatch.com

Public-private partnerships for healthcare delivery in the African context: neologisms, sacrosanctity and the re-birth of Garki hospital.

2009-10-07T05:11:00.000-07:00

The following abstract has been accepted for presentation at the 2nd WONCA African regional conference in South Africa. The abstract is listed on the conference website. The conference comes up at the end of this month. Please read.

Oral presentation.
FALEGAN Ifeolu Joseph. Consultant Family Physician, Garki Hospital, Tafawa Balewa Way, Area 8, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. www.advocatehealth.blogspot.com. faleganji@yahoo.com.
The quest for efficiency and sustainability is beginning to impact healthcare delivery globally. There is a gradual departure from the norm. Public-private partnerships for healthcare delivery are being erroneously regarded as new entrants into the field of health systems reform. This axiom is being promoted in the parlance of world bodies in an attempt to improve health outcomes. However, healthcare delivery in every country involves some form of public-private partnership. In many countries where care is devolved through the public system, there is significant input from the private sector and vice-versa. This fact holds true for many African countries.
The public health system is decadent in a number of failed African states. The consequence is an unregulated private-driven healthcare system with a propensity for high out-of-pocket expenses in contradiction to the quality of care received. In Nigeria, for instance, close to 70% of healthcare is delivered by the private sector.
Garki hospital, Abuja, is the first acclaimed public-private partnership for health in Nigeria. The hospital was revived two years ago in a franchise that merged private finance initiative with government’s quest for quality healthcare delivery and has since then been dispensing care to patients from within and outside the Federal Capital Territory.
This presentation examines the different models of public-private partnerships in healthcare delivery drawing on examples from Spain, Australia, England, India and the Garki experiment. The presentation considers the advantages and disadvantages of public-private partnerships, the dichotomy between public and private initiatives and the key issues influencing performance such as competitiveness, cost, quality and flexibility. The implications of these especially as they relate to primary care and the practice of Family Medicine in resource-constrained settings are discussed.

Prostitution: social or spiritual problem?

2009-09-08T01:35:00.000-07:00

I granted an interview to a Nigerian daily newspaper (The Punch of Friday, July 24, 2009; page 8). The following is a critique of the interview by one Osondu Anyalechi in another tabloid (The Sun of Saturday, August 15, 2009). I find the contradictions in Osondu’s article interesting. Please read.

Re: Prostitution is not a spiritual problem
By Osondu Anyalechi [oanyalechi@yahoo.co.uk]
Saturday, August 15, 2009

Dr. Ife Falegan, Consultant Physician at General Hospital, Abuja, was quoted in The Punch, July 24, to have said that prostitution is not a spiritual but a social problem caused by ‘lack of employment, accommodation, security and conducive environment’. This position assumes erroneously and absolutely that the drive to the cancer is money and if it is true, its cure must be money but is it always the case?

The desire for money to meet the needs he detailed above may induce a lady to join the trade but the compelling factor for most of them is certainly beyond money. A commercial sex worker confessed to me that she was deceived in Calabar by a lady who assured her of a job in Lagos. For the one-long week she stayed with her, the lady fed her and after that, initiated her into the profession. The victim said she did not know any place to go and had to join, making returns to the pimp - her commercial sex ‘godfather’.

But why didn’t she solicit for help from the Churches? A person who detests the trade may not end that way, even when all roads seem closed.

A divorcee joined the profession with the hope of making quick money with which to buy a sewing machine for making decent living. That ambition at the surface may look noble. But two, five and ten years, she was still in that business. With their charges of N 500 - N 1000 per customer and in a time of recession, ten patronizers a day is possible, could she still claim that she had not got enough money to meet that need? A few years ago, I brought five of them from Nwachukwu Drive to my office.

After ministering to them, I challenged them by tasking each of them to find her accommodation and my Church would sponsor her in any business or trade of her choice. It was painful that none of them took up the challenge. This debunks Dr. Falegan’s position about prostitution. It is certainly beyond money.

The problem is that most people define it narrowly, restricting it only to the single, giving the impression that married people are free from the mud. The lady in Proverbs chapter 7 was married. ‘Come, let’s drink deep of love till morning; let’s enjoy ourselves with love! My husband is not at home...’ What drives the venom goes beyond financial needs. Have drivers and houseboys, not been caught in bed with their Madams? Is the attraction to these lustful Madams money? How much did Joseph, a slave in Egypt and a houseboy to Portiphar, Pharaoh’s Captain of the Guard, have and to give her amorous and well-provided mistress? Have teenage school boys not been sexually harassed and abused by their school mistresses, old enough to be their mothers? Is it still all about money? I declare authoritatively that there is something in sexual perversion beyond what one lacks.

What do we call the practice whereby a lady, perhaps, a university student, who may not rent any apartment, but lives with her parents and hops from one man to the other? Some of these ladies are well-provided for by their rich parents, who are respected in the society. It is not only the children of poor parents that prostitute. In fact, if the census of virginity is conducted, most of the virgins might come from poor homes and not from the nobility. May we not also limit the practice to ladies as it is a malaise common to all genders.

If prostitution is a social problem, is armed robbery also the same? Are all the armed robbers from poor parents? Do we not hear how the children of the rich terrorize the society? There is a spirit behind prostitution and also armed robbery. What really prompts a man, married to a beauty queen, to be sleeping with his craw-craw-infested-mouth-stinking housemaid?

Why should a man leave his wife only to travel miles on end for an ugly lady even at the risk of his life? In agony, a wife told me that it would have been a different ball game if the lady was more beautiful than she. There was a man who was sleeping with a lady and in the midnight, he raped her baby that slept with them. Was it normal – a social problem? My wife ministered once to a prominent prostitute and she repented and dumped her foul profession and became a great tool in God’s hand. She was not given money but God’s Word. The unclean spirit was rebuked and it ran away. A lady in England was introduced to opium and the need of money to purchase the venom drove her to harlotry until the spirit was rebuked. She repented and became an evangelist.

If we give ten commercial sex workers one million Naira each, four of them may likely quit while the remaining six may continue. The same goes for armed robbers. There is of a truth, a social element in prostitution but the major element is spiritual. We met a lady in Tarkwa Bay who came for prostitution. We shared God’s Word with her and convicted by the Holy Spirit, she packed her stuff and followed us home. We gave her only her transport fare. Thus, it was not money but God’s Word that forced her out of the lion’s den.

Hospitals for Humanity: 2009 Medical Mission Initiative to Africa

2009-08-23T10:06:00.000-07:00

Hospitals for Humanity is a not-for-profit organization working assiduously to provide access to quality healthcare in developing economies. This organization adopts a pragmatic approach by directly providing alternatives to the sparsely spread, decadent and inefficient healthcare delivery channels in resource-constrained settings.
From the 6th to the 15th of December 2009, Hospitals for Humanity will be in Isanlu, Kogi State, Nigeria, on a Medical Mission Initiative to Africa to provide healthcare services to the people.
I put up this post so that you can adjust your schedule to free you to participate.
Please check the following link for details: www. hospitalsforhumanity.org.

A Brief Anthropology of the Nigerian Healthcare Tier System and Her Primary Healthcare Exigency.

2008-08-11T00:47:00.000-07:00

Let it be known from the outset that this discourse is not an attempt to fully elucidate the origins and subsequent evolution of Nigeria’s health system. Such a comprehensive undertaking is beyond the limit of this post. This chronicle of events is intended to rouse that idling quest for improved health outcomes especially as it relates to primary healthcare development, first in Nigeria, and then, in the rest of the developing world.
Nigeria was colonized by Britain. Nigeria had no formalized planned health services until the end of the Second World War. Before the war, provision of health services was by the British Army Medical Services. The subsequent integration of the British Army and the colonial government gave birth to the Colonial Medical Service. The Colonial Medical Service provided free health services only to the British Army and the colonial service officers. Nigerians at that time only benefited incidentally. Nigerians were served primarily by a handful of mission and private hospitals sparsely scattered throughout the country.
In 1946, the colonial government promulgated a ten-year National Development and Welfare Plan. There was no separate national health policy at that time but the ten-year plan integrated all aspects of government endeavors, including health activities. The euphoria of independence, the devastation of the Nigerian civil war and the nuances of neocolonialism distracted Nigerian leaders after the expiration of the First National Development Plan. It was not until 1970 and 1975 respectively that the Second and Third National Development Plans were birthed. Although these subsequent development plans did not address the specific issue of a national health policy, the Basic Health Service Scheme evolved as part of the Third National Development Plan. The scheme attempted to put the semblance of a primary healthcare service in place. The scheme had the following objectives:
1. To increase coverage from 25 to 60 percent of the population receiving healthcare;
2. To correct the imbalance between preventive and curative medicine and in the distribution and location of health institutions;
3. To provide the infrastructures for all preventive health programs such as family health, environmental health, nutrition and control of communicable diseases; and
4. To establish a healthcare system best adapted to the local conditions and to the level of health technology.
The first national health policy was promulgated in 1988. The health policy content of the Fourth National Development Plan was in harmony with the first national health policy. At that time, the feverish agitation for Health for All by 2000 was at its peak worldwide. It was not surprising that the first national health policy set out to achieve health for all by 2000 through emphasis on primary health care.
At the moment, Nigeria has a three tier system of government comprising of local, state and federal governments. The Federal government at the center oversees the 36 State governments (and the Federal Capital Territory) and 776 Local Government Areas. The Local Government Areas are equivalents of districts in other countries. Each tier of government has its responsibility thus: the Federal Government oversees all health activities in addition to taking care of tertiary level healthcare at the Teaching Hospitals and Federal Medical Centers; the State Governments supervise health activities at the Local Government level and is solely responsible for secondary healthcare at the General Hospitals; and the implementation of primary healthcare has been devolved to Local Governments. The primary healthcare system is the first point of contact with the healthcare grid. The primary healthcare system in Nigeria is meant to ensure the:
1. Provision and maintenance of health infrastructure;
2. Planning and implementation of strategies to meet community health needs;
3. Provision of the ten primary healthcare components to the community;
4. Training of personnel and logistic support for community mobilization and participation; and
5. Management of health information system.
It should suffice to state that the Local Governments are presently ill-equipped to dispense the much needed primary health care to millions of Nigerians. In other developing countries, this bottom-up primary healthcare approach has successfully improved health outcomes.
Is it out of place to suggest that the government at the center should pay more attention to primary healthcare? Is it not true that the Federal Government has the most resources? Has it not been proven that improved primary healthcare delivery equates improved national health indices? Did Paul Farmer and colleagues not establish that sustainable quality healthcare delivery is possible even in resource-poor settings? Is it not true that most African governments scorn the promise to commit 15% of their budgets to health as contained in the Abuja Declaration? Have wealthy countries complied with the United Nations target of raising overseas official development assistance to 0.7% of their gross national product? Are the patents on medicines by developed economies not adversely affecting primary healthcare development in resource-poor settings? And is it not true that certain policy prescriptions by world bodies such as the World Bank and the IMF deter increased investments in primary healthcare?
These questions beg for answers.

Resolutions of the 51st National Coucil on Health Meeting: Further Responses

2008-03-07T00:05:00.000-08:00

As I write this post, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in conjunction with the African Union is holding a conference dubbed "Science with Africa" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This conference aims to bring to the forefront the indispensable link between science, innovation, research and sustainable growth in Africa. Asclepius, responding to an earlier discourse about the efficacy of Nicosan in sickle cell anemia sends an abstract of a clinical trial presented at this conference. I reproduce this below.

Evaluation of Niprisan (Herbal Medicine) for the Management of Sickle Cell
Anaemia

Charles Wambebe and Hadiza Khamofu, International Biomedical Research in Africa, Abuja, Nigeria, wambebe@yahoo.com, Joseph Okogun, Nathan Nasipuri and Karynius Gamaniel, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria.

About 70% of all sickle cell anemia (SCA) subjects reside in Africa, estimated at over 12 million. The prevalence of SCA is estimated at over 2% while infant mortality is about 8% and survival rate of SCA babies in rural areas by five years of age is about 20%. These statistics indicate that SCA is probably the most neglected (and sometimes forgotten by health authorities) serious public health disorder with serious mortality and morbidity rates in Africa. The objective was to undertake pre-clinical and clinical assessments of a herbal extract vis-à-vis management of sickle cell anemia using Good Laboratory Practice and Good Clinical Practice principles respectively. In Africa, there is no standard treatment for sickle cell anemia, only palliative management is generally available. In view of this situation, most SCA subjects use herbal medicines. NIPRISAN is a standardized extract from four medicinal/food plants: Piper guineenses seeds, Pterocarpus osun stem, Eugenia caryophyllum fruit and Sorghum bicolor leaves. Short term toxicity study indicated that NIPRISAN was safe in laboratory animals. Bio-activity guided fractionation show that vanillin and aromatic aldehydes may be the bioactive moieties. NIPRISAN reversed sickled red blood cells and protected them from being sickled when exposed to low oxygen tension. NIPRISAN dose- dependently delayed polymer formation of haemoglobin S. NIPRISAN induced 85% increased solubility of deoxy haemoglobin S. The in vivo efficacy study was undertaken at Children Hospital of Philadelphia, USA. Histological examination of lungs of control Tg transgenic mice carrying human sickle haemoglobin showed entrapment of massive numbers
of sickled cells in alveolar capillaries. NIPRISAN significantly cleared the lungs of sickled cells. Furthermore, NIPRISAN induced profound effect on the survival time of Tg mice under hypoxic conditions (p<0.0001). The phase II clinical data indicated that all the subjects benefited from NIPRISAN with no serious adverse effect. About 80% of the subjects did not experience any crisis during the study (12 months). The subjects experienced significant reduction in hospital admission while attendance at school profoundly increased. Furthermore, there was no evidence of kidney or liver damage. NIPRISAN has been patented, licensed to an American company, registered and being manufactured at Abuja for global market.

Resolutions of the 51st National Council on Health Meeting: Responses

2008-02-08T00:29:00.000-08:00

I have had a number of responses since I published the last post. The response below is from one aggrieved anonymous writer. Please read.

Dear Doctor,
why do you think it is at a conference so vital to the health of Nigeria that the development and use of Nicosan for sickle cell anemia is not even mentioned at this meeting?Here we have a drug that was developed by the Nigerian government and approved by NAFDAC but absolutely no urgency about getting it to the people who need it.The single mention of sickle cell comes with the only focus being the need for vaccinations in those people afflicted for influenza. Granted those people are at risk due to their physical state but that would not be the case if they were being treated with Nicosan.If Nicosan can return 50% of sickled cells to normal, improve the patient's health and end sickle cell crises would it not stand to reason that their health would be improved enough that they would not be at high risk for influenza?Why is the government not focusing on the distribution of a drug the Nigerian people have paid to develop and is good enough to be granted orphan drug status by the FDA and EU?What is wrong with Nigeria that almost 20 months after the approval of the drug that the government has yet to do anything about making this treatment available to the more than 4 million Nigerians who need it?The vast majority of deaths in childern under the age of 5 years born with sickle cell is not from influenza but from the genetic disease process itself. Focusing on influenza vaccines brought in from foreign countries vs treating the disease state itself with the indigenous drug Nicosan just doesn't make sense. If this is the approach Nigeria plans to take to meet it's Millinium goals of 2012 I am fairly confident they will fail. One of the most effective ways for Nigeria to reduce it's infant/maternal death rate would be to subsidize Nicosan distribution. So what's the government really doing when it chooses to support initiatives that preclude utilizing treatments that public monies have been spent to develop in favor of tertiary prophylactics like vaccinations? Vaccinations are not substitute for health. Prevention of infection does not come close to the benefits of treating the root cause of ill health. The Nigerian people should rise up and ask the government where the drug their tax dollars created is for them!

Posted by Anonymous to AdvocateHealth! at 4:47 AM

Resolutions of the 51st Nigerian National Council on Health Meeting

2008-02-05T00:01:00.000-08:00

The 51st Nigerian National Council on Health Meeting held recently in Lagos. Council members came up with important resolutions which will guide health activities in 2008. Since this is an all important 10-page document, this post is devoted to making it available to all.

51st National Council on Health Meeting
Held at Planet One Entertainment Centre, Mobolaji Bank Anthony Way,
Ikeja, Lagos State, 21 – 23 November 2007

COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS

The 51st regular National Council on Health (NCH) meeting was held at the Planet One Entertainment Centre, Mobolaji Bank Anthony Way, Ikeja, Lagos State, 21 – 23 November 2007. A total of 732 delegates participated, from the Federal Ministry of Health and its Parastatals, State Ministries of Health and the Health & Human Services Secretariat of the Federal Capital Territory Administration(FCTA); and Development Partner Agencies which included WHO, UNICEF, DFID, the World Bank, AfDB, the Carter Centre. Delegates from the Health Regulatory Bodies, Military and Para-Military organizations also participated. The delegations from the Federal Ministry of Health, State Ministries of Health and the Health & Human Services Secretariat of the FCTA were led by the Honourable Ministers of Health, the Commissioners for Health and the Secretary, Health & Human Services Secretariat of the FCTA respectively.

2. The Council meeting was preceded by a two-day Technical Session held at the Aquatic Hall, Water Parks, Ikeja, Lagos State. It was chaired by the Coordinator, National Tertiary Hospitals Commission- Dr. Shehu Sule mni, who represented the Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Health. The Technical Session was declared open by the Honourable Commissioner for Health, Lagos State.

3. The 51st meeting of the National Council on Health was declared open by His Excellency, the Executive Governor of Lagos State, Mr. Babatunde Raji Fasola SAN, who was ably represented by the Deputy Governor, Her Excellency Princess Sarah Adebisi Sosan. The Governor welcomed the Honourable Ministers, the Honourable Commissioners and the entire delegations to the NCH and expressed his appreciation, on behalf of the good people of Lagos State, for the opportunity given the State to host this most important meeting. He emphasized the importance of the National Council on Health Meeting to health development in Nigeria and restated the commitment of the Lagos State government to the attainment of the MDGs.

4. The Council meeting was presided over by the Honourable Minister of Health (HMH), Professor Adenike Grange. She welcomed the Council members and other delegates to the 51st National Council on Health meeting and expressed her pleasure at chairing the first meeting of the Council since assuming office. The Honourable Minister’s address focused on intimating Council with the vision and mission of her administration as well as obtaining the inputs and commitments of the Council members towards achieving the goal of “creating wealth through health” in line with the 7- point agenda of President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua that places a high premium on using Health and Education as the twin engine that drives national development by developing human capital.

5. The HMH in her address restated the strong commitment of the present administration to making Nigeria one of the top 20 economies in the world by 2020. This potential commitment has been buttressed by Goldman Sach’s team of global economists who identified Nigeria as having the potential to become one of the top eleven (11) economies in the world by 2020. She stated that although this goal was a laudable one, the poor health status of the people by whom the transformation would take place could impede its attainment.

6. The address also highlighted the fact that despite the existence of several effective and affordable technologies and interventions, gaps in health outcomes continue to widen due to a defective national health system. This situation continues to serve as an impediment to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Therefore, it is imperative to reposition and strengthen the weak and fragile health system to be able to deliver the services and high quality of care to those who need them in a timely manner, thus meeting the expectations of both the populace and healthcare workers.

7. The HMH recalled various reform programmes that had been commenced in the past leading to the development of several policies and strategic frameworks for various projects and programmes. However, these programmes have frequently not met their stated objectives due to inadequate emphasis on implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Hence the resolve of her administration to focus on the implementation of the developed policies and institutionalisation of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.

8. Other problems identified by the HMH include the loss of confidence in the primary health care sub-system and indeed the entire public health care system; obsolete or absent equipment and infrastructure; inadequate capacity of healthcare staff and training institutions; lack of a coordinated procurement and logistics system; lack of quality assurance or regulatory mechanisms for quality control; weak health information management systems; poor integration of health service delivery; and an almost non-existent referral system. She also reiterated the poor health and human development indices in the country and the threat these posed to the attainment of the MDGs.

9. The HMH solicited for the commitment of the Council members in the implementation of the National Health Investment Plan (NHIP) as a strategic approach to building consensus at all levels for the actualization of the Ministry’s vision. The NHIP will be implemented through six independent but related investment strategies which are: ensuring adequacy of policy instruments; resource mobilization and management; integrated disease management programmes; referral system and tertiary care development; increased surveillance; and full implementation of health insurance schemes.

10. She concluded her address by positing that greater investment in the health sector and more efficient and equitable use of resources are essential for national development. She appealed for greater collaboration between all tiers of government in the delivery of quality health services; and between policy-makers and technocrats in order to sustain the reforms while also suggesting to States to establish Primary Health Care Development Agencies to improve the delivery of primary health care.

11. The Honourable Minister of State for Health (HMSH), Arc. Gabriel Yakubu Aduku OON welcomed delegates to the 51st NCH meeting. He lamented the poor health indices of the country and opined that most of the causes of morbidity and mortality in the country could be effectively addressed at the primary health care level. The HMSH also seized the opportunity to once again buttress the seven (7) point development agenda of the present administration and especially Mr. President’s commitment to accelerating the achievement of the MDGs and improving the performance of the National Health System to one that is more adequately responsive to the health care needs of the people thereby enabling Nigerians live more economically productive lives.

12. HMSH therefore solicited for the support of the States in the translation of policies into actions and appealed for stronger commitment and a renewed synergy/partnership among stakeholders in the attainment of the MDGs. He concluded his address by charging all stakeholders in the health sector to join in the fight to eradicate malaria which has continued to be the leading cause of deaths among under-5 children as it is preventable and curable. He wished the Council fruitful deliberations.

13. In his address, the Honourable Commissioner for Health, Lagos State, Dr. Jide Idris, welcomed the Honourable Ministers, the Hon. Commissioners and all delegates to Lagos. He expressed his pleasure and that of the State for the opportunity granted them to host the 51st meeting of the National Council on Health. He emphasized the importance of effective health care to better health and the general development goals of a nation and hence the importance of the Council meeting where decisions at the Technical Committee meeting are analyzed for their merit before balanced policy decisions are arrived at for implementation.

14. The Honourable Commissioner went on to assert that due to the enormous resources required for the provision of effective health services, it was necessary for all tiers of government to be committed to investing heavily in health. He continued his speech by restating the commitment of the Lagos State Government led by His Excellency Mr. Babatunde Raji Fasola SAN the Executive Governor of Lagos State, to invest in infrastructure, human resources for health, provide adequate funding for the health sector, create systems, urgently address the issue of Maternal and Child Health as well as educate the public adequately. Lastly, on behalf of the State, he thanked all those present at the meeting and encouraged delegates to feel free to move around the State to see the different places of interest.

15. At the end of the opening ceremony, the vote of thanks was delivered by the Coordinator, National Tertiary Hospitals Commission, Dr. Shehu Sule mni, on behalf of the Permanent Secretary of the Federal Ministry of Health. He thanked the State Government and the people of Lagos State for the warm welcome and hospitality accorded all the delegates since their arrival in the State. This has no doubt encouraged the high quality of participation of the delegates in the meeting and would lead to the achievement of the purpose and objectives of the meeting.

16. After the opening ceremony, there were presentations on:
· Sector-wide, System-wide Implementation of PHC in Nigeria
By Dr. Kwame Adogboba

· The National Health Investment Plan and the role of States and LGAs in its implementation by Professor Adenike Grange, Honourable Minister of Health/Dr. Kenneth Ojo/Dr. Anthony Seddoh/Professor Wilfred Iyiegbuniwe

· Final Onslaught on Malaria in Nigeria by Dr. Yemi Sofola/Professor Kio Don-Pedro

· The Role of States Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria (GFATM) Activities by Professor Babatunde, DG,NACA

· Policy and Programme Implementation, Monitoring & Evaluation at Federal, State and LGA levels by Dr. Dan Onyeje; and

· Sector-wide Quick Wins and Indicators by Dr. Margaret Mafe

The presentation on Sector-wide, System-wide Implementation of PHC was followed by group discussions on various issues in the implementation of PHC. The following decisions were arrived at following the discussions:
· The need for the establishment of an agency in the health sector of the states that would be responsible for coordinating and facilitating the implementation of PHC;
· Integration of primary and secondary health care services with emphasis on decentralization of management;

· There should be pooling of funds from Federal, State and LGAs into “State Health Fund” for enhancing the management of health systems;

· The need to define and clarify the roles and responsibilities of governments and other stakeholders in the implementation of PHC;

· Promoting the implementation of the existing Public Private Partnership policy in health in Nigeria; and

· The establishment of a better and effective monitoring and evaluation system to monitor the performance of the health system at the state level

Council session was conducted in Plenary to deal mainly with the following:

i. Consideration and adoption of the Proceedings of the 50th National Council on Health (NCH/51/001) as amended.

ii. Report on the Implementation of Resolutions of the 50th NCH Meeting (NCH/51/002). Council noted the various stages of implementation of the 50th NCH meeting resolutions at the Federal and State levels and encouraged States to show more commitment by ensuring greater implementation of resolutions adopted at Council meetings. This could offer an opportunity for peer review and experience sharing.

iii. The recommendations of the Technical Committee which had earlier met on 19-20 November were reviewed.

17. After extensive and interactive deliberations, the National Council on Health approved the following resolutions:

PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR HEALTH
18. Council, noting the various efforts made by States in the implementation of Public-Private Partnership initiatives in the health sector as contained in the related Memoranda, commended the States that have started and encouraged all States to continue to explore the comparative advantage of PPP in health care delivery within the context of the National Policy on Public Private Partnership in Health.

STRENGTHENING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES

19. Council, noting the critical importance of the PHC system in delivering quality health care to a large majority of Nigerians and the possibility of treating many of the leading causes of death at this level, appealed to States to establish State Primary Health Care Development Agencies as a strategy for enhancing the implementation of the PHC programme in their domains. The State PHCDAs could also serve as units for promoting, organizing and managing Public-Private Partnership initiatives in health in the States.

20. Council, noting the consistently poor health indices in the country, in particular, maternal, newborn and child health indices; and the inadequate human resource for health especially at the Primary Health Care level, approved the establishment of a Midwifery Corp Scheme for both basic and post-basic midwives to serve a compulsory one (1) year national youth service in the rural areas. Similarly, Council approved the compulsory posting of NYSC doctors to primary health care centres in the rural areas as a means of providing the necessary human resources for health at the primary health care level. Appropriate ancillary training in Life Saving Skills and Extended Life Saving Skills will be provided. The Council agreed on shared responsibilities between the three (3) tiers of government.

21. Council also approved the provision by the Federal Government of Midwifery Kits in Primary Health Care Centres for use by the midwives.

22. Noting the need to increase access to health care universally, Council approved the adoption of the Ward Minimum Health Care Package as a basis for the prioritization of health interventions, strategic and operational planning, budgeting, advocacy and resource mobilization by all stakeholders.

23. While noting the status of implementation of the construction and utilisation of model primary health care centres across the country Council appealed for better consultation with States, LGAs and Communities when siting PHCs.

STRENGTHENING SECONDARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES
24. Noting the poor quality of health care in the country, Council approved that a complete audit of the health care delivery system in all the States of the Federation should be undertaken with a view to identifying any weaknesses in the quality of care and implementing changes that may be required to assure high quality health delivery.

25. Council also approved the setting up of appropriate machinery for monitoring the provision of quality health care for Nigerians and encouraged States to develop friendly guidelines enshrining patients’ preference for the various outcomes with adequate budgetary provision for the implementation of these programmes.

26. Council noted and commended the construction of new and refurbishment of existing General Hospitals in Anambra State and the subsequent accreditation of these facilities for internship training by the relevant professional regulatory bodies.

FOOD AND DRUG ISSUES
27. Aware of the importance of availability of safe, qualitative and efficacious medicines for the effective functioning of any modern healthcare system; recognizing that lack of access to safe quality and affordable medicines is a major constraint to quality health care; realizing that lack of access to safe and affordable drugs has resulted in complications and even deaths; and considering that this situation cannot be allowed to continue if we are to achieve the MDGs:
28. Council considered a draft resolution which stated that “Council reviewed the drug distribution system in the country and noted that the system is still largely poorly coordinated leading to the proliferation of fake, sub-standard and unregistered drugs with its associated risks and therefore approved the establishment of legal drug distribution centres in all States and the FCT. Council further approved the government financing of the proposed nationwide assessment of government warehouses for lease or rent to the private sector for drug distribution.”. After deliberations, it was decided that the issues entailed required more consultations before consensual decisions could be reached. The draft resolution was thus stepped down.

29. While noting that one of the goals of the National Drug Policy is to stimulate increased local production of essential drugs as well as ARVs and ACTs and the target to produce 70% of national drug needs by 2008, Council approved government’s financing of the proposed nationwide assessment of the capacities of local drug manufacturing industries in order to derive current data on local drug production.

30. Also, in a bid to boost local drug production, Council made a commitment to resist pressure to lift the ban on drugs listed on the 2005 import prohibition list and to upgrade the list based on data that would be generated from the nationwide drug production assessment exercise. Council would also revisit the issue of high tariffs on imported pharmaceutical raw materials while considering other incentives for local drug manufacturing companies.

31. Council noted the benefits of an effective drug revolving fund scheme and commended States in which such schemes have been functioning and sustained while encouraging other States to replicate the schemes.

MATERNAL, NEONATAL AND CHILD HEALTH

32. Council noted with concern the rather slow progress made towards reducing maternal, newborn and child mortality midway to the target year for the attainment of the MDGs, due to poor access to high impact, evidence-based, cost effective interventions and approved the adoption of the Integrated, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (IMNCH) Strategy developed by the Federal Ministry of Health and partners as a strategy to promote a more holistic, comprehensive, integrated approach to maternal, newborn and child health issues and services as well as the accelerated scaling-up of programmes to reach the target groups.

33. Noting the issues and programmes affecting the health of the mother and child and all the efforts made by the federal and state authorities as contained in the related memoranda, Council commended states for their efforts to improve the health status of women and children and to reduce morbidity and mortality indices among them; however, Council encouraged them to integrate these services in order to maximize the utilization of available resources and achieve the greatest possible impact on the health of the people.

34. Taking cognizance of the proven benefits of Misoprostol in the control of post partum haemorrhage; its ease of administration and relatively few dose-dependent side effects, Council approved the inclusion of Misoprostol in the essential drugs list as part of efforts to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

35. Council reviewed and adopted the final draft of “Gender-Based Violence in Nigeria: National Guidelines on Prevention and Response” and encouraged all States and the FCT to approve, adopt and implement the recommended strategies.

36. Re-emphasizing the benefits of exclusive breast-feeding for newborns and taking cognizance of the challenges posed to working mothers in implementing the strategy, Council encouraged all workplaces in Nigeria to provide well equipped and staffed crèches for their female employees as these could also be very important catchment sites for routine immunization. Council also encouraged the Ministries of Health, Women Affairs and Labour & Productivity to work together to plan and implement reproductive health education and counseling programmes for women workers.

DISEASE CONTROL

40. Concerned about the increasing magnitude and public health importance of noncommunicable diseases(NCDs) and their risk factors; the absence of programmes focusing on NCD control in the states, and the need to scale up NCD prevention and lifestyle and behavior change campaigns to check the increasing burden of NCDs; Council resolved that all states should as matter of priority, establish or strengthen and fund appropriately an integrated NCD prevention and control programme in the state and LGAs, coupled with the designation of a state focal point for NCD control. The FMOH will provide technical support to improve state capacities in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NCD programmes.

41. Acknowledging that blindness is a major cause of unnecessary human suffering, often leading to poverty, social exclusion and early death; and aware of the poor coordination of the commendable work undertaken by voluntary/ non governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the control of blindness in Nigeria, Council resolved and approved that the National Vision 2020 Strategic Plan be adopted as a policy document for implementation at the tertiary, secondary and primary levels of health care services, for elimination of the main causes of avoidable blindness by the year 2020. All the Governments should develop 5 year action plans for Eye Care Services within the context of the National Vision 2020 framework and strengthen inter-sectoral collaboration in the implementation of these plans.

42. Committed to the plan to eradicate Guineaworm by December 2008; noting the need for improved budgetary allocation and timely disbursement of funds required at the LGA, State and Federal levels and the need to intensify surveillance activities for the successful implementation of the last phase of guineaworm eradication; Council resolved that action should be accelerated by all tiers of government and all relevant agencies in the provision of safe water especially in the rural communities; recommended the intensification of Community Participatory Surveillance Strategy; and integration of guineaworm surveillance activities with other grassroot health programmes

43. Concerned about the plight of sickle cell patients and Nigerian children who are both plagued by Pneumococcal and Hib infections; noting that safe effective Haemophilus Influenza type B (Hib) and Pneumococcal Vaccines are available and already being used effectively in our neighboring countries, Council approved that the Federal Ministry of Health works out ways to provide the vaccines for use in the country starting with sickle cell patients who need them most.

HIV/AIDS

44. Council noted the, and commended the National HIV/AIDS and STI Control Programme, for the successes achieved in previous sentinel surveys and the States for their efforts in the control of HIV/AIDS.

45. Further noting the importance of HIV/AIDS sentinel surveys in the determination of prevalence and distribution of HIV infection, sensitization of stakeholders to take appropriate action in prevention and control of the epidemic, planning, implementation and monitoring of HIV/AIDS programme and also for assessing the overall impact of the interventions by stakeholders in the control of HIV infection; Council recommended that the Federal Ministry of Health should facilitate easier access to World Bank’s credit funds and states should make available sufficient budgetary provisions to ensure that they can play agreed roles in the conduct of 2007 survey and future surveys.

MALARIA

46. Recognizing that malaria still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially amongst children and pregnant mothers; considering the limitations of our past efforts towards the elimination of malaria; and realizing the need to accelerate the elimination/eradication of malaria in Nigeria through the implementation of an integrated approach which should include Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategy; Council resolved that all governments should embrace the new approach for malaria control/elimination/eradication which is the integration of the RBM (Roll Back Malaria) and IVM interventions, and adopt year 2015 as the target year for the total elimination of malaria from Nigeria

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

47. Council noted the dynamic nature of medical knowledge and practice and thus the need for every medical officer to be exposed to new knowledge and discoveries in his/her area of specialization in order to assure the quality of healthcare delivery; and recommended that all Governments should support continuous professional development of all healthcare workers; and MDCN should promote and make efforts to institutionalize continuous professional development (CPD) as a pre-requisite for registration and licensing.

48. Council deliberated extensively and agreed on the effect of variations in salaries paid to health workers across the country on their motivation and efficiency of the healthcare delivery system. Council resolved that a forum should be set up by the FMoH and States to deliberate and agree on a harmonised salary scale for health workers in order to address this problem.

49. Council appreciated the proposed National Health Investment Plan and recommended that the Federal Ministry of Health plays the leading role in its development while states and all other relevant stakeholders would participate and cooperate as appropriate . Some of the expected outcomes of the implementation of the National Health Investment Plan will be to: increase political support for increased budgetary allocation to health and other health investments; enhance coordination and efficiency in the use of donor assistance; develop and implement comprehensive strategies for achieving effectiveness, efficiency and equity of the health sector; provide a basis for better result-oriented budgeting in the health sector; ensure the efficient and equitable utilisation of available health resources; provide an objective framework for monitoring and evaluating the health sector; and improve the overall functioning of the health system for national development.

INFORMATION MEMORANDA

50. A total of seventeen information memoranda were considered by Council. Further to receiving and deliberating on them, Council commended and noted all the memoranda. The information memoranda are:

· Development of National Health Investment Plan
· Establishment of the National Tertiary Hospitals Commission (NTHC)
· Establishment of the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
· International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005
· The Establishment of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (FELTP) in Nigeria
· Traditional Medicine Development
· Presidential Committee on Pharmaceutical Sector Reform
· National Chemical Safety Management in the Health Sector
· National Drug Fomulary/Essential Drugs List (NDF/EDL) Review Committee/Secretariat-DFDS
· Progress Report on National Food Risk Analysis Centre in NAFDAC
· Baseline Study carried out by NAFDAC on the quality of Medicine in circulation in Nigeria
· Progress Report on the Health Systems Development Project II
· NHIS the Journey so far as at October, 2007
· Establishment of Functional Traditional Medicine Boards
· Anambra State Community Health System and Health Financing Scheme
· Dutch Government-assisted Community Health Insurance Scheme in Kwara State SHONGA, BACITA, PILOT STUDY/SCHEME
· The Lagos State Health Facilities Monitoring & Accreditation, Journey so far
· Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response in Nigeria

51. The 52nd National Council on Health meeting is scheduled to hold in Kano State in May, 2008.

52. The 51st National Council on Health meeting was declared closed by the Honourable Minister of Health, Professor Adenike Grange at 2.17 p.m. on Friday 23 November 2007.

Healthcare Financing in the Developing World: Is Nigeria’s Health Insurance Scheme A Viable Option?

2007-11-08T01:53:00.000-08:00

Health Insurance is a branch of insurance business, a social device whereby financial loss is spread over so many members of the public thereby allowing healthcare delivery to be spread to the poor and the rich by payment of voluntary or compulsory premiums or contributions that they can afford since income distribution in any society is highly skewed with most people in the very low income brackets.
The idea of a National Health Insurance Scheme was first considered by the authorities in 1962 but successive governments lacked the political will to actualize this dream. It was not until 43 years after when the immediate past President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, set apart the sum of 26 billion Naira for the scheme in the 2005 budget. The former president directed at that time that no deductions be made from any government employee until the end of 2006 when the performance of the scheme would have be evaluated. He opined that this grace period would allow for confidence building. His speech at the launch of the program in June 2005 attempted to debunk the widespread cynicism been exhibited by majority of Nigerians about this typical Nigerian white elephant project.
The Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established by Decree No 35 of 1999. The Decree states that “there is hereby established a scheme to be known as the National Health Insurance Scheme (in this Decree referred to as "the Scheme") for the purpose of providing health insurance which shall entitle insured persons and their dependants the benefit of prescribed good quality and cost effective health services as set out in this Decree”.
The NHIS decree statutorily allows each insured person to decide which health centre he wishes to register with. A monthly capitation is paid to the health centre from the pooled funds. Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) are empowered to coordinate the activities of the health centers as they dispense healthcare to the insured while the over-all regulation of the scheme rests with the National Health Insurance Scheme Council. The council was established by the same decree.
The WHO has this to say about healthcare financing in Nigeria: “Funding Health in Nigeria is from a variety of sources that include budgetary allocations from Government at all levels (Federal, States and Local), loans and grants, private sector contributions and out of pocket expenses. The value of private sector and out of pocket expenditure contribution to financing the sector is yet to be determined. According to a World Bank source, the public spending per capita for health is less than USD 5 and can be as low as USD 2 in some parts of Nigeria. This is a far cry from the USD 34 recommended by WHO for low-income countries within the Macroeconomics Commission Report. Although Federal Government recurrent health budget showed an upward trend from 1996 to 1998, a decline in 1999 and a rise again in 2000, available evidence indicates that the bulk of recurrent health expenditure goes to personnel. Federal Government recurrent health expenditure as a share of total Federal Government recurrent expenditure stood at 2.55% in 1996, 2.96% in 1997, 2.99% in 1998, declined to 1.95% in 1999 and rose to 2.5% in 2000. Beyond budgetary allocations, a concern in funding the health sector in Nigeria is the gap between budgeted figures and the actual funds released from treasury for health activities”.
The Nigerian NHIS is already facing some problems. Some segments of the populace are left out. Recently, retired senior citizens complained on national television that the scheme does not cater for them. There is the issue of integrating the rural populace who do not have clearly identifiable sources of income since their means of livelihood is mainly subsistence farming. There is also the problem of inadequate human capacity to drive the NHIS. There is still a dearth of necessary professionals grounded in healthcare financing whose input cannot be done away with. And how will the NHIS survive if we do not deal squarely with the recurrent problem of graft? And graft manifests in different ways: from the healthcare provider who does not make essential medicines available or provides poor quality service, to the HMO who deliberately delays/withholds captitation. Many of the consumers grapple with the bottlenecks associated with accessing healthcare under such an administratively cumbersome scheme. Perhaps the greatest problem facing the NHIS is the monopoly it enjoys as lack of competition stifle growth and birth mediocrity. The success recorded in the telecommunication industry in Nigeria so far has been attributed in part to the vigorous competition it is experiencing. Many are already calling for the liberalization of the health insurance business as obtainable in some developed economies.
The foregoing clearly lends credence to the fact that for sustained development in the healthcare industry in Nigeria and the developing world, healthcare financing must not be left in the hands of government alone; certainly not in the hands of inept, pathologic, corrupt governments. It is in this vein that many have proposed other funding options including the somewhat ‘extreme’ idea of wrenching the NHIS from the hands of government lest it goes the way of other public enterprises such as the National Housing Fund, National Provident Fund, and many defunct Pension Schemes.
We should begin to promote the commercial health insurance option as this will bring some life into the health insurance industry in the developing world. Informal prepayments arrangements as is the case with some rural cooperative societies such as Country Women Association of Nigeria (COWAN) have been proposed as an attractive model for low income urban/rural populations in the informal sector since this eliminates the high cost of premiums necessary to subscribe to commercial health insurance. The downside to this model is that the fee-for-service approach may compromise the quality of service provided by healthcare providers. It is also very likely that the amount contributed by these poor families may not be adequate to cater for major illnesses.
Before the developing world finds her feet, donor countries/agencies can explore the possibility of setting up not-for-profit Voluntary Health Insurance Plans (VHPs) which has great potentials for mitigating the numerous health problems of the poor.

Paul Farmer: The Man Who Would Cure The World

2007-11-07T03:06:00.001-08:00

The Pulitzer Prize-winning author, Tracy Kidder, described Paul Farmer as "a man who would cure the world". I found the following brief bio about Dr Farmer on Harvard Medical School's website: "Medical anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer is a founding director of Partners In Health, an international charity organization that provides direct health care services and undertakes research and advocacy activities on behalf of those who are sick and living in poverty. Dr. Farmer’s work draws primarily on active clinical practice (he is an attending physician in infectious diseases and chief of the Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) in Boston, and medical director of a charity hospital, the Clinique Bon Sauveur, in rural Haiti) and focuses on diseases that disproportionately afflict the poor. Along with his colleagues at BWH, in the Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change at Harvard Medical School, and in Haiti, Peru, and Russia, Dr. Farmer has pioneered novel, community-based treatment strategies for AIDS and tuberculosis (including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis). Dr. Farmer and his colleagues have successfully challenged the policymakers and critics who claim that quality health care is impossible to deliver in resource-poor settings".
I consider him a great inspiration.

Caesarean Birth at Evangel Hospital

2007-11-02T04:29:00.001-07:00

ECWA Evangel hospital trains Family Medicine residents to dispense care and solve common health problems that are common to most people in most places with the most cost-effective approaches. The ability to be able to rapidly carry out a Caeserean delivery is one of the fundamentals of emergency obstetric care. The video is one of several deliveries carried out regularly by the highly competent personnel at Evangel Hospital. Take a peep!

Just rearranged this blog!

2007-11-02T03:43:00.000-07:00

I just modified the look of this blog.
Post your comments/suggestions about this to my mailbox. Thanks!

The Millennium Development Goals: counting down to 2015

2007-10-05T05:07:00.000-07:00

By A. Onu*

In September 2000, 189 Heads of State adopted the UN Millennium Declaration. It was a roadmap setting out goals (Millennium Development Goals) to be reached by 2015. There are eight goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators to measure the MDGs. Three out of the eight goals and eight of the 18 targets relate directly to health. These are:

· Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
· Goal 5: Improve maternal health
· Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.

Targets related to the goal of combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases are:

· Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
· Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other serious diseases.

How far have we gone down the road towards achieving these goals with just eight years left to that all-important deadline?
There has been some progress. However, nearly 11 million children under the age of five die every year globally. In 16 countries, 14 of which are in Africa, levels of under-five mortality are higher than in 1990. More than 500,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth each year and maternal death rates are 1000 times higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in high income countries.1
A growing awareness of malaria’s heavy toll, matched with a greater commitment to curtail it has helped to spur key malaria control interventions, particularly insecticide-treated net use and access to effective antimalarial drugs. Resistance has now developed to all classes of antimalarial drugs except artemisinin and its derivatives. When used correctly in combination with other antimalarial drugs, artemisinin is nearly 95% effective in curing malaria. The rationale is that when two drugs with different modes of action are given simultaneously they attack different targets in the parasite. If a mutation should occur to make the parasite resistant to one of the drugs, the second drug will kill it.
In just four years (1999-2003), distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets increased 10-fold in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this progress, urban dwellers are six times more likely to use the nets than their rural counterparts, according to data available from a number of countries in the region. Similarly, the richest fifth of the population are 11 times more likely to use them than the poorest fifth.2
There were an estimated 8.8 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases in 2005, including 7.4 million in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. More than 1.6 million people died of TB, including 195,000 patients infected with HIV. The number of new tuberculosis cases is growing by about 1% per year, with the fastest increases in sub-Saharan Africa. More ominous has been the emergence of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).1, 3, 4
Fortunately, it has not been all doom and gloom. Recently comes a World Bank Report which states that the AIDS pandemic is on the decline in countries such as Rwanda, Uganda and Ethiopia. The infection in West Africa has not reached the high levels it was feared that it might reach. It cannot also have been bad that the recently concluded G8 summit at Heiligendamm, Germany promised $60 billion dollars to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS and other diseases affecting Africans.
Certainly with the right combination of commitment and aid, there is still enough time to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006; New York, United Nations June 2006.
2. Year in Review 2006. Geneva; World Health Organization 2007.
3. Global Tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. WHO report 2007. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (WHO/HTM/TB/2007.376)
4. Raviglione MC, Smith IM. XDR Tuberculosis- Implications for Global Public Health. N Engl J Med 2007; 356 (7): 656-9.

*Dr. A. Onu is of the Department of Family Medicine of the Jos University Teaching Hospital and Editor-in-Chief of the Jos Journal of Medicine. This piece is the editorial of the current issue of the Journal. I am an Associate Editor of the Journal.

Where AIDS Efforts Lag

2007-09-18T10:15:00.000-07:00

Shortages of Health Workers Undermine Advances
By Lola Dare, Jim Yong Kim and Paul Farmer

President Bush made a historic pledge in his 2003 State of the Union address: to get urgently needed AIDS
treatment to 2 million people living with HIV in impoverished countries by 2008. Congress concurred and
launched a major initiative to fight AIDS focusing on 15 developing nations. At a U.N. General Assembly
conference on AIDS this year, the United States went further and committed, along with other countries, to come
as close as possible to universal access to HIV treatment by 2010.
We have come a long way since 2000, when AIDS treatment was available to only the fortunate few. Activists
campaigned successfully to drive down the cost of treatment with affordable off-patent AIDS medicines that are
now available in most developing countries. After initial objections, the U.S. government became a major
purchaser of generic drugs.
But now that donor governments are providing more funding and medicines are becoming available, a new
bottleneck threatens the success and sustainability of the effort. People with AIDS in Africa are dying simply
because there aren't enough nurses, doctors and pharmacists to administer treatment. Without a new effort to
train, retain and support health workers in numbers sufficient to meet basic needs, the United States will not be
able to keep the deal it made with Africa in 2003.
It takes years to graduate a new doctor or nurse, and most of them prefer to build a career in a major city with
well-equipped hospitals. But with modest investments, donor governments can quickly empower and mobilize an
army of health workers made up of the hundreds of thousands of unemployed or underemployed people living in
the very settings where HIV's toll is heaviest. Women in particular are often already serving as caregivers at the
community level, usually without training or compensation.
Starting in Haiti's central plateau, the organization Partners in Health has trained and employed hundreds of
accompagnateurs, or health companions, across the group's projects in five countries, including the United States.
Accompagnateurs are paid a stipend to provide a broad range of services, including drug distribution, disease
observation and reporting, clinical referrals, and the social support that people with chronic illness so often need.
This modest investment is, we believe, one of the chief reasons that adherence to AIDS therapy is so high within
our projects -- and why death rates are so low.
Community health workers are lay people on the front lines who provide effective health services and support in
countries reeling from AIDS. These nonprofessionals -- often living with HIV themselves -- are rooted in their
communities, can be trained quickly and are less likely to emigrate in search of better wages and working
conditions. They have deep knowledge of their communities, where they are familiar and trusted neighbors. With
continuing training and support, they can rapidly form a strong and active force filling deadly gaps in health
personnel and services.
Many programs have sought to rely on "volunteers" and deny these laborers pay for their services -- a model
conceived in wealthy countries. But in poor countries this amounts to exploitation of the poorest to treat the
sickest. It should be replaced by programs that ensure living wages, continuing training and a career path.
Community health workers cannot succeed alone; they are not an excuse to cut corners. Professional backup
from doctors, nurses and medical officers is necessary to provide supervision and to treat referrals. But the pool
of available health professionals in many African countries is too small to address basic primary-care needs and
far from adequate to supply new donor-sponsored global health programs.
Unintentionally, the laudable U.S. efforts to fight AIDS and malaria in Africa can end up weakening primary
health systems that are already crumbling by hiring doctors and nurses away from public clinics and hospitals
where they are also desperately needed. When primary public health systems fail, disease-specific initiatives will
also fail. The United States must get serious about increasing the overall supply and retention rates for health
professionals in sub-Saharan Africa.
According to World Health Organization estimates, the U.S. share of the global cost of training and supporting a
healthy workforce sufficient to meet internationally agreed-upon targets in sub-Saharan Africa is roughly $8
billion over five years.
On this World AIDS Day, we must match the audacity of President Bush's 2003 pledge with a complementary
initiative for training and keeping enough new health professionals and community-level workers to fulfill the
promises the United States has made.

Article from The Washington Post, Friday, December 1, 2006; Page A29
Lola Dare is executive secretary of the African Council for Sustainable Health Development International. Jim
Yong Kim and Paul Farmer are co-founders of Partners in Health International; both teach at Brigham and
Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

Tales from West Africa

2007-09-11T05:37:00.000-07:00

Have you ever come across Tales from West Africa or A Path Through Tall Grass as you surf the net? They are twin blogs maintained by a friend, Saralynn Nege (shown in the photograph with husband, David).
Her lexical prowess will bow you over! You will also discover that she is not afraid to be vulnerable as she blogs from the heart.
You can access the blogs at http://www.jankwanomedic.blogspot.com/ andhttp://www.saralynnnege.wordpress.com/

Winning the War against HIV/AIDS: Involving Community Health Workers

2007-09-06T06:20:00.000-07:00

It is impossible to win the war against HIV/AIDS without involving Community Health Workers (CHWs). Most HIV/AIDS programs in the third world currently target the urban populace at the expense of the vulnerable rural poor. Program planners must change strategy. Funding agencies will play an important role in this regard. The consequences are dire if we do otherwise.
Several studies have already established the place of CHWs in the war against HIV/AIDS. I stumbled on a WHO document recently which is a must-read for everyone involved in this war.
We can no longer wait for PLWHA/PABA to come to us. We must go into the community and look for them. We must be proactive. And we cannot do this effectively without the CHWs.
Please read the WHO's document on CHWs at this link www.who.int/whr/2004/chapter3/en/index5.html

Dr Tom Thacher goes to Mayo Clinic

2007-07-17T04:28:00.001-07:00

I thought about this post for a while before writing. I especially was concerned about the fact that Tom may not approve. Yet, I found it difficult to resist the urge to write about a man who is many things to many people. I eventually came up with a short write-up, adopting a middle-of-the-road approach.
In an earlier post, I discussed the importance of the discipline of Family Medicine as the panacea to the problem of health access in resource-poor settings suggesting the need for a paradigm shift from heavy spending on tertiary institutions to increased budgetary allocation to ensure sustainable primary care development. I had earlier raised the issue of inadequate human capacity, among others, pointing out that for resource-challenged settings to succeed in their bid to improve their health outcomes, they must train and retain healthcare workers who will not only dispense quality primary care but also embark on research that directly impart the people and provide patient-oriented evidence that matters.
There is someone who has played a key role, albeit quietly, in the forgoing for the past 20 years in Nigeria. He is Dr Tom Thacher.
He came to Nigeria as a missionary after completing his residency in Family Medicine in the United States about 20 years ago. He established the department of Family Medicine and Informatics at the Jos University Teaching Hospital after working in some other centers. He started with the training of four residents but at the moment, there are 25 residents in the department. Many of the early residents have graduated and either gone on to become trainers in other centers or taken up positions of responsibility in Nigeria’s health industry.
Tom was the director of research at the Jos University Teaching Hospital. He provided guidance for specialists in other disciplines and supervised residents’ dissertations. He conducted groundbreaking studies in rickets and researched into common killer diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. I read a copy of a Liverpool University PhD thesis on tuberculosis he supervised. He insists that research done in any community should impart the people.
Tom promoted the place of medical informatics. He recently supervised the creation of a database for entry of all patients’ data seen at the department of Family Medicine of the hospital. The department attends to more than 35,000 patients annually.
Tom is strict and disciplined. Pasted in a conspicuous place in his office is this inscription: “Your lack of planning is not my emergency”. He is an avid reader and a time manager. He leads by example, something rare in this society. We who followed had no option than take a cue. He is content, never showy, almost austere. In spite of his many achievements, his published papers, his pedigree, he remained simple, humble.
He insists on excellence. He supervises my dissertations for the faculties of Family Medicine of the West African College of Physicians and the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria and demands no less from me.
Dr Tom Thacher’s life in Nigeria cannot be fully elucidated here: it is for another place, for another time.
He now joins faculty at the prestigious Mayo Clinic in Rochester, USA.

The Emergence of XDR Tuberculosis: Implications for Public Health in Resource-limited Settings.

2007-04-12T06:20:00.000-07:00

Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is an emerging threat that has assumed public health dimension.
XDR tuberculosis, classified as cases that are resistant to three or more of the six second-line drugs for the disease, has a mortality rate of more than 85%. This is not altogether a new occurrence as XDR tuberculosis was first described more than a decade ago.
XDR tuberculosis is not the same as multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. In the latter, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin.
South Africa is at the moment trying to contain an outbreak of XDR tuberculosis which has spread to all the country’s provinces. The WHO is sending a permanent staff to that country to help with the containment effort. The resistant strain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is said to have originated from the KwaZulu-Natal province. Experts are of the view that XDR tuberculosis has spread beyond South Africa citing the lack of adequate diagnostic capacity and poor notification mechanisms as the reasons why the outbreak is being under-reported by other countries. Mario Raviglione, director of Stop TB at WHO refers to the outbreak as an absolute emergency lamenting that the world is not responding quickly enough. A US$95 million dollar appeal made in Paris last October to combat this emerging threat has met little response.
We all know that the very existence of XDR tuberculosis is an indictment on our health systems since it reflects weaknesses in tuberculosis management which otherwise should minimize the emergence of resistance. Early, accurate diagnosis and timely institution of the appropriate curative regimen which are monitored for adherence are important steps in tuberculosis control. When drug regimens and tuberculosis control are sub-optimal, drug-resistant strains are selected which eventually proliferate and with repeated treatment errors, multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains are born.
Chances are that in most resource-poor settings, the scenario I painted above about tuberculosis management and inefficient health systems is often the rule rather than the exception. It follows then that if the status quo remains, tuberculosis might go beyond what we now know as XDR tuberculosis.
There is no easy panacea to this threat. But the panacea does exist; we must be ready to pay the price. Who wants to experience the torment of tuberculosis becoming an incurable disease?
Resource-poor settings need an effective disease control infrastructure beginning with strengthened rapid diagnostic capacity which is accessible and can be deployed at the point of care. This should be supported with unlimited access to quality first- and second-line drugs with mechanisms put in place to ensure adherence. Preventing spread is a challenge but it is doable. Special attention needs to be paid to the immune-suppressed patients because of their vulnerability. All HIV patients should be screened regularly for latent tuberculosis and antiretroviral drugs should not be delayed unnecessarily. As a matter of urgency, resource-poor settings must have access to drug-susceptibility testing which at the moment is mainly found in developed societies. The place of increased surveillance and research bordering on TB control cannot be overemphasized. And I suggest we hurriedly form enduring partnerships designed to urgently enhance the production of third line drugs which the world is taking lightly now.

In the Spirit of the Doha Declaration

2007-03-26T03:41:00.000-07:00

It is half a decade since the Doha Declaration. The declaration states that developing countries must use public health safeguards written into the World Trade Organization’s intellectual properties rules to access less expensive, generic versions of patented medicines.
How come then Novartis instituted a lawsuit against a company in India for producing generics of the anticancer drug, Glivec? The generic costs about $2,700 yearly per patient while Glivec costs $27,000 for the same time period.
Pfizer is fighting the Philippines government for approving a generic of the antihypertensive, Norvasc. The generic costs 90% less.
Oxfam International released a report recently stating that rich countries have broken the spirit of the Doha Declaration (see www. Oxfam.org for a copy of the report, Patents versus Patients: Five Years after the Doha Declaration). The report states that many wealthy countries go to great lengths to protect medicine patents putting profits before patients. As a result, patented medicines continue to be priced out of the reach of the world’s poorest people.
It is instructive to remember that the burden of disease continues to rise especially in poor countries. For instance, between 2001 and 2005, more than 4 million people became newly infected with HIV in developing countries. Yet, 74% of AIDS medicines are still under monopoly, 77% of Africans have no access to AIDS treatment and 30% of the world’s population does not have access to essential medicines.
In the spirit of the Doha Declaration, the Oxfam report concluded with some recommendations which I agree with and summarize in my own words below:
1. Wealthy countries should live up to their promise and relax the strict intellectual properties laws as regards patented medicines.
2. Rich countries should muster the political will to provide technical support that will enhance universal access to essential medicines
3. Leaders in developing countries should become responsible and explore, with a view to invoking, the “public health safeguards written into the WTO’s intellectual property rules” in order to abolish differential access to medicines.
4. Pfizer and Norvatis should, if not in the spirit of the declaration, for the sake of corporate social responsibility, end their feud with developing countries.

His Excellency’s ludicrous Elixir for AIDS

2007-03-22T06:10:00.000-07:00

Last weekend, I sat glued to my TV set watching CNN Jeff Koinange’s exposé on the AIDS situation in the Gambia, one of the poorest nations of the world.
I was flustered by the claims being made. I still am.
His Excellency, the President of the Gambia, Yahya Jammeh, had invited the CNN team to come and see the wonders being wrought by an herbal concoction he had personally formulated for the treatment and cure of AIDS. The constituents of the concoction were revealed to him in a dream!
Many Gambians have already abandoned their HAART for this miracle cure and the risk for resistance will certainly skyrocket because many antiretroviral agents are unsparing.
CNN’s repeated efforts to interview the president failed and attempts to subject the concoction to standard scientific testing met a brick wall. An expatriate who spoke out against the president’s farcical claims was thrown out of the country within 48 hours. Even more disheartening is the fact that the health minister, a physician trained in the West, swore on set that the concoction can cure AIDS.
What is wrong with Africa?
Why has his Excellency forgotten so soon similar claims made by Thabo Mbeki and the former South African health minister? Did his Excellency ever hear of Nigeria’s Dr Abalaka? Why return to ideas and claims that belong in the Stone Age? Why belittle the threat of a scourge currently devastating us, the world’s poor? Why would the Gambia, a country with a Medical Research Council which is home to prolific, world-renowned researchers drag Africa backward in her quest to see the end of AIDS?
Why?

Meet Ron Brittan

2007-02-22T04:04:00.000-08:00

Few legal practitioners there are who render services for free. And we cannot castigate those who charge fees: it is just the way things go; commerce, among others, drives society.
Certain individuals, however, have gone above the norm, above our basic human egocentric tendencies. Such individuals extol our communality. Such persons, like Ron Brittan, possess large hearts.
I refered a friend who was in dire need of legal assistance to Ron recently who rendered help promptly, free of charge. This same gesture he has extended to other acquaintances in the past, rationalising that this is his modest contribution to bridging inequality and promoting equity for poor communities.
Ron Brittan, a legal practitioner, immigration activist and social worker who resides in Oxford, England, wrote the following lines to me recently..........."Dear Joseph:

I checked out your blog and found it extremely interesting. I wish you every success in achieving your noble objectives.

I too am concerned with the Millennium Goals, especially as far as Nigeria is concerned. I try to make a small contribution by assisting young people to come to UK to study, and to get work experience, so as to return to their country with enhanced skills. Your friend Andrew is a case in point.

Most of our leads come from Rotary and Rotaract clubs in Nigeria, through a programme initiated by the Oxford Rotary Club. Notably, many members of Jos Rotaract club have participated.

Hope to hear from you again, and we may possibly be able to pool some ideas.

Ron Brittan,
Immigration Link (An Oxford charity)".

His webpage www.geocities.com/ron_brittan/index.html is even more revealing.
This post is an ode to Ron!

Human Resources Development For Health: Key to Achieving Millennium Development Goals.

2007-02-07T07:51:00.001-08:00

Dr. Nnamdi E Ojimadu of the department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital and an advocate of human resources development, bares his mind in this post. He birthed the idea of a national health summit designed to address the problem of brain drain which eventually held in the nation's capital. This article appears in the Jos Journal of Medicine. Permission to re-publish has been granted by the author and the editors.

Human Resources Development For Health: Key to Achieving Millennium Development Goals.

The great majority of Nigerians have had minimal or no improvement in their health status in the last few decades despite an increase in the number of health workers or professionals trained each year. There is rather a deterioration of health status shown by the increase in infant mortality rate (110/1000), under 5 mortality rate (190-205/1000) and maternal mortality rate (800-1000/10,000): one of the highest in the world,1 reduced life expectancy and a higher incidence of malnutrition, rapid dissemination of HIV/AIDS, and the emergence of other diseases. Malaria affects 300-500million people every year and 80% of these live in sub-Saharan Africa, 25% of whom will be Nigerians. Malaria kills 1-1.5million people every year – 90% of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. About 3000 African children die of malaria every day and one African child is lost to the disease every second. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals may remain a mirage in Nigeria, except health care systems are able to offer quality services that are accessible to vulnerable population groups. This of course depends on availability of a well-trained, rationally deployed and sufficiently motivated workforce operating in an enabling environment. There is a need for quality undergraduate and postgraduate training and adequate incentives. Health workers’ performance, however, is also influenced by an array of other factors.2

All over the world Nigerian health professionals have distinguished themselves. The question then remains; why is the nigerian health system in such a deplorable state, with such a huge human resources? Environmental factors cannot be excused from the reasons responsible for the ailing health system. HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases are placing additional burdens on the health workforce. Almost two thirds (64%)of all the people living with HIV/AIDS are in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria.
Unfortunately the country is ill equipped to deal with the situation. For example, there is only an average of 0.8 health workers per 1000 population in Africa
In 2002, Nigeria had a nurse population ratio of 1: 20,700 people as against the 1: 1,000 which WHO recommends. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals, the minimum level of health workforce density require by WHO standard is 2.5 health worker per 1,000 people. In contrast there are 10.3 health workers per thousand in Europe and 9.9 in the USA.3, 4
The International Community seeks to address the health needs of the developing countries through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
This includes:

Ø Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Halve the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and those who suffer from hunger
Ø Achieve universal primary education
Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary school
Ø Promote gender equality and empower women
Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and at all levels by 2015.
Ø Reduce children mortality
Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five
Ø Improve maternal health
Reduce by three quarters the ratio of women dying in childbirth
Ø Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases
Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Ø Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water.
By 2020’ achieve significant improvement in the lives 100million slum dwellers.
Ø Develop a global partnership for development
Develop further an open trading and financial system that includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction- nationally.
Address the least developed countries’ special needs, and the special needs of landlocked and small Island developing states.
Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems.
Develop decent and productive work for youth.
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies 5

The MDGs can improve the health status of the country but this will only be a reality when three important issues are addressed viz: as brain drain, strikes and low moral among health workers.

The issue of brain drain

There are conflicting data on the exact number of Nigerian doctors outside the country. About 20,000 health professionals are estimated to emigrate from Africa annually.6 Today it is thought there are more Nigerian physicians in the USA and UK than in their own country .7 Though having the highest population in the continent, Nigeria alone looses more health workers than other African countries combined. Some estimates put the number of Nigerian doctors outside at one out of every five black doctor in the UK. In the US it is about one out of every 10. The story is also not different in other European and American countries 8 Another account estimates that over 23% of US physicians received their medical training outside the United States, with most (64%) coming from low or lower middle income countries. This group includes more than 5000 doctors from sub- Saharan Africa, which represents 6% of all doctors practicing in sub- Saharan Africa now. Almost 86% of these Africans practicing medicine in the United States come from Nigeria, South Africa, and Ghana, and the vast majority was trained at 10 medical schools.9 Data available on emigration of Nigerian nurses indicates that among 2000 African nurses legally emigrating to work in Britain between April 2000 – March 2001 about 432 were Nigerian.6 A 2003 statistic of registered nurses in the UK showed that Nigerian nurses topped the list.8
Studies focusing on why skilled health professionals emigrate have identified two broad categories: the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factor.10 11 12

a) Push factor –
Furthering their career
Improve their economic or social situation
Insufficient suitable employment
Lower pay
Unsatisfactory working condition
Poor infrastructure and technology
Persistent shortages of basic medical supplies
Lower social status and recognition
Repressive governments
Lack of opportunity for postgraduate training
Under funding of health-service facilities
Absence of established posts and career opportunity
Poor remuneration (Nigeria-based doctors typically earn about 25% of what they would have earned if working in Europe or North America.) 6 and conditions of service, including retirement provision
Government and health-service management shortcomings
Civil unrest and personal security
Lack of fulfillment in practice
b) Pull factor
Opportunity for further training and career advancement
Higher living standards
Better practicing conditions
More sophisticated research condition
The attraction of centers of medical and educational excellence
Greater financial rewards and improved working conditions
Availability of posts, often combined with active recruitment by prospective employing countries

Human Resources Development for Health

The health reforms required for achieving the MDGs demand a careful attention to making use of resources, especially human resources. This approach includes utilization of health care workers and their education and training and the evolution of a strategy that will improve the health system.
There must be a pragmatic approach that involves a more proactive management of the workforce. This will involve a change of attitude through orientation of the workforce. This change is not limited to a particular cadre but cuts across borders, affecting administrators, and health professionals, especially doctors, who are often in the leadership role. The new orientation will focus on enabling all health workers to see themselves as individuals responsible for the quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of the health system.
Human Resources for Health (HRH) as a whole will require a close collaboration between the ministry of health, health care providers, colleges of health and educational institutions and professional associations. The individual strengths and capabilities of each group should be mobilized so that HRH issues can be tackled jointly.
Professional associations can make valuable contributions to strengthening, change of attitude and continuing education of health professionals, medical audit and monitoring systems.13

Much as the effort of the Federal Ministry of Health in her Health Sector Reform Programme (HSRP) is commendable, a more realistic approach is needed. It is not enough to outline programmes or talk shop about HSRP, NEPAD and MDGs. What is the impact on the common man, and what challenge is it to the average health worker? A highly motivated work force is needed to meet the challenges facing the Nigerian health system.
Policies are made without carrying along the health work force. If anything, the health worker who is in the frontline and is confronted by day-to-day challenges should be part of the policy-making process. As a matter of importance and urgency there is a need for a national health summit to address fundamental issues clogging the wheel of progress of the nigerian health system.
The following issues need to be addressed in order to find a solution to strikes and brain drain:

Ø Improved systems performance
Ø Capacity development
Ø Better remuneration packages
Ø Adequate work incentives
Ø Better training of health workers
Ø Personnel policy
Ø Create enabling environment for the provision of health services
Ø Management of data and performance

No doubt this reform will place a financial constraint on the government with regard to funding the health services. The Department For International Development (DFID) should make good its pledge to increase aid to Africa’s health sector. This has been implemented in Malawi (ranked 198 out of 198 by WHO), with 1.13 doctors per 100,000 [2003population] where a six-year 100million pounds programme to support Malawi’s health sector included investment in better training and higher salaries for doctors, nurses and other health workers.11 If this is replicated in Nigeria (ranked 187 of 191 member states in 2001), it will have a significant impact on her health system. During the G8 summit in 2005 the developed countries especially Britain demonstrated a renewed concern and determination to increase grants to solve the crisis the African health sector is facing.13 Countries like Nigeria can benefit from support World Bank, Global Fund and DFID to build HRH.
Brain drain has its pros and cons as it has for many enhancement of their personal and family economic fortune. The developing countries have served as training grounds for health professionals for many years. It is therefore disturbing when their potential contribution to health development in their countries is lost. Some of these doctors currently overseas may be willing to return to the country provided there is an enabling environment and adequate work incentives. Unfortunately some of those willing to return and help develop the health system have either been denied opportunities or subjected to discouraging accreditation procedures.6 Despite the scarcity of health professionals there is still high rate of unemployment. This has resulted in some new graduates waiting for years before getting places for internship or job placement. These factors will continue to encourage the emigration of health workers.

The way forward

The individual’s freedom should not be restricted as this amounts to human right abuse. Instead efforts should be made to retain health professionals by creating an enabling environment for medical practice in Nigeria.

Housing loan schemes should be provided, payable over a period of 25 years. This will go a long way to reduce the efflux of health professional
Car loans such that a doctor will be able to afford a new car.
Incentive for rural practice- health workers who practice in rural communities should be remunerated higher than those in the cities in order to retain them and attract more health workers. This will help reduce infant, under-five and maternal mortality rates. Instead of hiring foreign doctors who are paid in dollars despite their limitations in communication and inadequate exposure to tropical medicine, indigenous doctors should be recruited to such places with similar incentives. The hard currency paid one expatriate is enough to make five Nigerian doctors comfortable in any part of the country.
Regular in-service and short-term training courses on Basic Life Saving Skills (BLSS) and Advance Life Saving Skills (ALSS) could be organized on regular basis as Continued Medical Education (CME) for health workers in rural areas.
Recreational facilities can also be created in such rural environments as one of the incentives for health workers.
Consideration should also be made about the schooling of their children. This will open up the rural areas for rapid development as good schools and other social amenities will follow. This will attract teachers and businessmen to such areas.
Regular water and power supply should be ensured by way of sinking boreholes and power generators for constant supplies in areas that do not have electricity. However, electricity-supplying body should endeavor to extend their services to such areas.
We can develop friendly policies and create incentives that can attract or encourage the return of health professional based overseas.

Nigeria as the giant of Africa should be able to improve her health status with the staggering potential at her disposal. To this end Human Resources Development For Health should be given adequate attention to reduce the impact of brain drain in the health sector. Hence the noble goals of the MDGs can be achieved when the three tiers of government in this country, the private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations and the International Community realize how much they owe the people of Nigeria - an efficient, effective and quality health care system that works.
To realize this noble goal a National Health Summit that will bring together all the key players in the health sector to brain storm on the issues raised above and find an enduring solution to the challenges facing the sector is being organized.
The Millennium Development Goals are achievable and realistic.

References:

1. Habte D, Dussault G, Boostron E, Pearson B. Education of professionals and the human resources crisis in Africa: Medical Education Resources Africa (MERA). March 2003, pp. iv-vi.
2. Okeahialam T C. The Nigerian child and the Millennium Development Goals. 37th Annual General and Scientific Conference: PANCONF 2006, Jos Nigeria.
3. Addressing Africa’s Health Work Force Crisis: An avenue for action, Abuja Declaration
4. Human Resources for Health: Overcoming the Crisis. Report from Consultation in Oslo 24th – 25th February 2005.
5. WHO Millennium Development Goals. Report of Secretary –General. A57/270 (31 July 2002)
6. Stilwell B et al. Managing brain drain and waste of workers in Nigeria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
7. Pearson B. The brain drain: a force for good? Medical Education Resources Africa (MERA). January 2004)
8. Okumephuna Chukwunwike. The Ever Green Story of Brain Drain. USA/Africa Dialogue, No 669: Brain Drain (The Guardian, Thursday, May 5, 2005)
9. Hagopian A, Thompson M T, Fordyce M, Johnson K E, Hart G L. The migration of physicians from sub-Sahara Africa to the USA: measures of the African brain drain. www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/17
10. Chen L C, Boufford M. Fetal Flow – Doctors on the move. New Engl J M 353;17 Oct. 27 2005, pp. 3850.
11. Ahmad O B. Managing medical migration from poor countries. BMJ vol 331. 2 July 2005, pp 43.
12. Fifth-Seventh World Health Assembly [22 May, 2004] A57/VR/
13. Alwan A, Homby P. The implication of health sector reform for human resources development. Bulletin of WHO vol. 80 no. 1 Geneva.
14. Loss of health professionals from sub-Saharan Africa (Lancet vol. 365 May 28, 2005).

$300million Lifeline for Primary Healthcare Development in Nigeria?

2007-01-26T23:27:00.000-08:00

It has just been made public that the Netherlands is taking up the responsibility of providing funds for the development of primary healthcare for a poor community in Kwara State, Nigeria. The project is part of the Hygeia Community Health Plan. This is being regarded as a dividend of the advent of the Nigerian National Health Insurance experiment. And as if taking a cue from this, yesterday, the Federal Government announced the approval of the Federal Executive Council to make available the sum of 35billion Naira (about $300 million) for the establishment of Comprehensive Health Centers in each of the 774 Local Government Councils of the Federation.
This is good news: that is, if you are reading this post from Australia, Europe, North America, e.t.c where most government policies immediately translate to projects that directly impart the people. The average Nigerian is skeptical, if not out-rightly cynical when such pronouncements are made since many have mastered the art of siphoning public funds. It is called refined thievery!
We find that the most successful health initiatives are those managed by private enterprises that are goal-oriented and result-driven embracing sustainability because of its direct relationship to their reputation. These enterprises crave for and incorporate the input of community. Poor communities cannot abandon the quest for improved health outcomes to government alone especially in societies with inept, mediocre and pathological governance as described by Paul Farmer, the renowned physician, Harvard researcher and medical anthropologist (founding director, Partners In Health. www.pih.org.) in his Pathologies of Power. Poor communities must harness their resources, constructively engage government and ensure that policy papers such as the one just produced by the Nigerian government about primary healthcare development come to fruition. It is an error to sit and wait for the spontaneous realization of primary healthcare development: it will never happen without concerted, collaborative efforts.

Light has come to Arusha!

2007-01-17T06:33:00.000-08:00

Thank you, Gillian, for your comment on my last post and for urging me to keep on writing. Your post has given me a renewed impetus to stay the course.
I have seen your blog. It reveals the great work being done to impart the lives of these disadvantaged kids in Arusha. Small efforts make a lot of difference. Only time will tell what difference you have made!
It is worth visiting www.schoolstjude.blogspot.com to see what is being done for 850 kids from the poorest families at the School of St. Jude in Arusha, Tanzania. The photograph shows a nearly completed class building taken in December 2006.

Tracking Intervention Coverage for Child Survival

2006-11-27T06:37:00.000-08:00

You will find below the word format of a powerpoint presentation of a review article I presented at the department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria, recently. It borders on the progress the developing world has made so far towards achieving the MDGs. Please read.

• Review article

• 10 researchers from WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, Johns Hopkins, PMNCH, Universities in Brazil and Pakistan

• Funding for the research provided by these institutions

• Commenced in 2005

Background

• The Millennium Development Goals

• The fourth: achieve 2/3 reduction of under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015

• Other MDGs relate to Child health: the 5^th calls for reduction of maternal mortality and others eradication of extreme hunger, universal basic education, etc

• Success in one MDG imparts on others

• MDGs adopted worldwide in 2000

Childhood survival strategies: the evolution

• The 2^nd world war and relief provision for children ravaged by war

• Access to health & the Welfare view

• CSDPP: Child Survival Development Protection and Participation policies packaged into GOBIFFF in the 1980s

• The Child Rights Commission (CRC) in the 1990s: health of child a right

• Recently, Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) and the MDGs

The Essence of tracking

To determine the progress (or otherwise) made so far towards achieving the 4^th MDG especially in resource-constrained countries of the world so as to intervene early for rapid actualization of the 4^th MDG

The Process of Tracking intervention coverage

• In this context, it involves

– Identifying target countries

– Developing profiles for each country

– Identifying essential child survival interventions that are already in place in those countries

– Measuring success of coverage by estimating the annual reduction in under-5 mortality rate

Contd:

– Measuring extent of coverage of essential child survival interventions

– Classifying countries into 3 categories according to progress made towards internationally agreed targets viz: “on track”; “watch and act” and “high alert”

– Feedback

What are the essential Child Survival Interventions?

• There is evidence that a set of about 20 interventions could reduce child mortality by over 60% if made available to all who need them.

• Countries that have good coverage for 6 out of the 20 interventions are rated to be doing well

• The interventions are listed below:

• Note that the figures indicate the median coverage levels (in percentages) of each of the essential interventions in 60 countries with the world highest rates of child mortality; those in parenthesis represent the range

Newborn health

• Skilled attendant at delivery 51(6-97)

• Tetanus protection at birth 59(10-90)

• Postnatal visits within 3/7

• PMTCT 3(0-50)

• Timely initiation of breastfeeding 36(9-72)

Other prevention interventions

• Use of improved sanitation facilities 41(6-80)

• Use of improved drinking water sources 69(13-98)

• Vitamin A supplementation 80(1-98)

• Insecticide-treated bed nets 3(0-44)

Nutrition

• Exclusive breastfeeding at <6mths style="mso-tab-count: 5"> 24(1-84)

• Breastfeeding plus complementary food at 6-9mths of age 66(13-94)

• Continued breastfeeding at 20-23mths of age 54(8-94)

Immunization

• DPT immunization 73(25-98)

• Measles immunization 74(35-99)

• Hib immunization 89(73-98)

Case management

• Care-seeking for pneumonia 47(14-76)

• Antibiotic treatment for pneumonia

• Oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea 38(7-80)

• Antimalarial treatment for fever 45(1-69)

Nigeria and Child Survival Strategies

• Under-5 mortality rate: 230 in 1990

197 in 2004

Estimated annual rate of reduction from 1990-2004: 1.1%

MDG target of under-5 mortality rate by 2015: 77

Average annual rate of reduction needed between 2004 and 2015 to meet target: 8.6%

• Nigeria classified as one of the 60 countries with highest child mortality rates (inclusion criteria: annual child mortality rate >90/1000 live births)

• Out of the 60, Nigeria close to the bottom; those with higher child mortalities than Nigeria are either ravaged by war or natural disasters

• As at 2004, the measles and DPT immunization coverage was less than 50%

• Also, considering each of the other interventions, Nigeria falls below the minimum estimate required to achieve the MDGs by 2015

• Nigeria is not on track to meet the MDGs, going by available data.

Child Survival: state of the world

• Only 7 of the countries with the highest burden of under-5 mortality in 2004 are on track to achieve the MDG-4: Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines

• Mortality rates increased between 1990 and 2004 in 14 countries and most of these countries are affected by armed conflicts or and the AIDS pandemic

• Generally, rates of progress in child survival is slow

• Has been directly linked to the low levels of coverage of interventions discussed above

• Though some countries recorded up to 10% increase of access to above interventions within 2 years

• This shows that even the poorest of countries can make when needed resources are made available

Panacea for rapid reduction of Child Mortality

• Strengthen health systems

• Improve management capacities

• Ensure availability, sustainability of commodities needed for the interventions

• Increased, rationalized financial flow

• Human resource development

• Advocacy for political commitment

As regards donor assistance and financial flow

• In a companion article, the following were highlighted:

– The 60 countries with the highest burden of child mortality cannot achieve MDG-4 without external aid

– In 2004, donor assistance for activities related to maternal, newborn and child health was US$1990 million which represents just 2% of total aid disbursements to developing countries

Contd:

• This amounts to US$3.1 per child

• Grossly inadequate

• There is a direct relationship between mortality and Official Development Assistance (ODA) per head

• Recommendation: increase ODA significantly for desired effect

Relevance to Family Medicine

• Family Physician: Frontline doctor

• Tackles undifferentiated illnesses; provides curative, preventive, rehabilitative care from cradle to old age in a coordinated, comprehensive way.

• No one else best suits the position of instituting the childhood survival strategies

• Look through the interventions again

Conclusion

• In 2 years, the Childhood Survival Countdown team will be at work again in Geneva.

• They will come up with newly generated data representing how we have fared.

• Meticulous use of the interventions will produce astounding success and realization of MDG-4

Thanks for listening!

It's been awhile!

2006-11-25T06:12:00.000-08:00

I have received a number of mails inquiring about this long silence. I replied some giving the reasons why I have not sent new posts for awhile.
I had to write a number of professional examinations. I dont know wether that reason is good enough but I am pleased to let out that I will be fairly constant in updating this blog, at least as I glean enough time off preparing for my dissertations and other duties assigned me.
I really am glad to be back!

REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP ON PAEDIATRIC ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ORGANISED BY THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN VIROLOGY NIGERIA FROM THE 24TH-28TH, JULY, 2006

2006-08-20T03:02:00.000-07:00

We participated in a workshop recently. The following is the Word format of the Powerpoint report. I experienced difficulty uploading it in powerpoint format.

Facilitators
• Watson Douglas
– Pediatric HIV specialist
IHV-Baltimore; University of Maryland
• Bowman David
– Pediatrician/Clinical Training Director
IHV-Nigeria/Baltimore
• Okechukwu Adaora
– Pediatrician, Gwagalada Specialist Hospital, Abuja
• Nadew Kidest
– IHV-Nigeria
• Adamu Grace
– IHV-Nigeria
• Okundia Patience
– National Hospital Abuja

Institute of Human Virology Nigeria
• Affiliate of Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore
• Dr Dakum, Chief of party
• Professor Blattner, Alashle Abimiku, investigators
• Work closely with Professor Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of HIV
• The ACTION (AIDS Care and Treatment in Nigeria) Project so sets out reduce the incidence HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

Arrival
• Meant to have been on the 23rd
• I arrived on Monday the 24th
• I was on call the previous day
• I met the 2nd session
• Accommodation was splendid
• The food was good
• We had a Pre-test

Thrust of the Workshop
• Focus on Pediatric HIV/AIDS care
• Reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS by prevention and treatment of pediatric HIV in Nigeria
• Build comprehensive pediatric HIV care for Nigeria
• All that prescribe pediatric ARVs must do it right
• Prevent multi-drug resistance
• Intimate workers in new sites with IHV’s potentials and planned work in Nigeria
• Raise awareness about GON intended harmonization of HIV care in Nigeria
• Build capacity to be able to achieve above

• Workshop overview
• We had a Pre-test
• The burden of pediatric HIV
• Globally (UNAIDS 2005 figures): 2.3million (5.7% of total) children living with HIV
• 700,000 (14% of total) new infections/year
• 1900 infections per day
• Above preventable by good PMTCT
• 570,000 (18% of total) deaths/year
• 1560 deaths/day-mostly preventable by early detection, prophylaxis and treatment
• Most of these in sub-Saharan Africa
• 13million orphans worldwide-90% in Africa
• By 2010, 25million AIDS orphans

• In Nigeria (FMOH 2004 figures): estimated 4.4% National prevalence
• 3.5million Nigerians living with HIV-third highest worldwide next to south Africa and India
• 1.7million women
• 270,000 Nigerian children lives with the virus (14% of total African burden)
• 847,000 Nigerian children orphaned by HIV

• Next, we considered, broadly, steps needed to prevent and treat pediatric HIV starting by reminding ourselves that-HIV can be treated
-HIV can be prevented
-treatment/prevention require dedication, cooperation and a team approach
-resistance is a serious threat
We examined the HIV structure, its pathogenesis, history and manifestations; HAART as criterion for successful viral suppression, mechanism of developing resistance and the draft revised WHO guidelines for initiating ART in children

• Draft revised WHO guidelines for initiating ART in infants and children: clinical criteria

• Stage <18mths>18mths

1 CD4-guided CD4-guided

2 CD4-guided CD4-guided

3 Treat all Treat all,
(consider TB,
LIP, OHL, ITP,
CD4 count)

4 Treat all Treat all

• Draft revised WHO guidelines for initiating ART in children: immunologic criteria

• Marker Age at initiating ART

<12>5yrs

CD% 25% 20% 15% 15%

CD4
count 1500 750 350 200

• We then began to broach the task of building a comprehensive pediatric HIV care in Nigeria
• Systems approach-multiple disciplines
• Standards of care-harmonization of care

PMTCT
• Targets
– Prevent young women from infectn
– Prevent unintended pregnancy in HIV+ women
– Prevent HIV+ women from transmitting to their children
– Provide HIV care, treatment, support to HIV+ women, their infants and their families

UPDATES
• Nobody should prescribe single dose NVP for women in labor (i.e. without protecting the “tail”) for prophylaxis because of risk of resistance in mother
• A single mutation of the HIV leads to resistance to NVP; NVP takes 3-7 days b4 it clears from the bloodstream; mutation/resistance develops in the presence of inadequate drug
• Also, to prevent resistance in infants, protect NVP “tail” by giving AZT + 3TC for 1wk thereafter continuing with AZT for 5wks
• WHO encourages standard practice in all facilities

ARVs FOR PMTCT: INFECTION RATES AT 1MTH
• Effectiveness depend on duration and intensity of ARVs
• No intervention: 20% infected
• Single-dose NVP: 12% infected
• AZT from 28 wks: 7% infected
• 2 drugs: 1-4% infected
• HAART: <1% infected

• There are different scenarios
– Pregnant woman who is HAART eligible
– HIV+ woman on HAART who got pregnant
– HIV+ pregnant woman who is not HAART eligible
– HIV+ positive pregnant woman who is/who is not on HAART but developed TB
– HIV+ woman who will breastfeed after delivery
Different other scenarios beyond the scope of this report
Many health facilities pledged to review their policy on PMTCT

CONCERNS
• Resistance
– NVP
– AZT good drug, needs 5 mutations for resistance to develop
– Mutation to 3TC beneficial overall
– Efavirenz teratogenic in early pregnancy so delay till 3rd trimester
– DDI causes infantile lactic acidosis
– AZT: anemia in newborn
– TDF: ?bone toxicity
– Neurodegenerative mitochondrial brain disease if AZT + 3TC started from 23-32wks gestation and continued in neonates 6wks in the postpartum period

THE DILEMMA OF FEEDING THE HIV-XPOSED INFANT
• We considered this thorny issue
• No easy answers
• Especially its implications for resource-poor settings
• HIV is transmitted to about 15% of exposed infants after 24mts of breastfeeding; exclusive breastfeeding cuts this risk by half; most women do mixed feeding;
• Infant breast milk substitute (BMS) is encouraged but not imposed on the woman
• BMS must satisfy WHO’s AFASS criteria: acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, safe
• Institute appropriate ARV therapy: infant/mother
• Do not allow mixed feeding
• Supplementary feeds: breast with clear fluids-tea, water
• Complementary feeds: breastfeeding + semisolids especially at weaning
• Mixed feeds: any of above 2 + another milk

DIAGNOSIS OF THE HIV EXPOSED INFANT
• Challenging
• Clinical
• Serologic: detects antibody response to infection-rapid tests; have to wait for 18mths for full seroreversion in neonate
• Virologic: Directly detects virus in cell or plasma 2-4wks after infection-viral load testing by DNA PCR; available in some centers
• Immunologic: effect of infection on the immune system-CD4 count or %

Presumptive diagnosis of HIV in infant (WHO 2006 guideline)
• When there is no DNA PCR
• Infant seropositive
and either
pediatric stage 4 disease
or
2 or more of:
-oral thrush
-severe pneumonia
-severe sepsis
Supporting evidence:
-death or advanced HIV in mother
-CD4< 20%

Paediatric stage 1
• Asymptomatic
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
– Lymphadenopathy is a good prognostic sign- probability of death in HIV-infected children with adenopathy is half as much as those without

Paediatric stage 2
• Unexplained persistent hepatosplenomegaly
• Papular pruritic eruptions
• Extensive wart virus infection
• Extensive molluscum contagiosum
• Recurrent oral ulcerations
• Unexplained persistent parotid enlargement
• Lineal gingival erythema (red line along the gum line)
• Herpes zoster
• Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (otitis media, otorrhoea, sinusitis, tonsillitis )
• Fungal nail infections

Paediatric stage 3
• Moderate unexplained malnutrition not adequately responding to standard therapy
• Unexplained persistent diarrhoea (14 days or more )
• Unexplained persistent fever (above 37.5 ºC, intermittent or constant, for longer than one month)
• Persistent oral Candida (after first 6 weeks of life)
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis
• Lymph node TB
• Pulmonary TB
• Severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia
• Symptomatic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)
• Chronic HIV-associated lung disease including bronchiectasis
• Unexplained anaemia (<8.0 g/dl ), neutropenia (<0.5x109/L) or chronic thrombocytopenia (<50 x 109/ L)

Paediatric stage 4
• Unexplained severe wasting, stunting or severe malnutrition not responding to standard therapy
• Pneumocystis pneumonia
• Recurrent severe bacterial infections (e.g. empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis, but excluding pneumonia)
• Chronic herpes simplex infection; (orolabial or cutaneous of more than one month’s duration, or visceral at any site)
• Extrapulmonary TB (except lymph node TB)
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Oesophageal candidiasis (or Candida of trachea, bronchi or lungs)
• Central nervous system toxoplasmosis (after the neonatal period)
• HIV encephalopathy

Paediatric stage 4 (cont.)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection; retinitis or CMV infection affecting another organ, with onset at age over 1 month
• Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis including meningitis
• Disseminated endemic mycosis (extrapulmonary histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, penicilliosis)
• Chronic cryptosporidiosis (with diarrhoea )
• Chronic isosporiasis
• Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection
• Acquired HIV-associated rectal fistula
• Cerebral or B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
• HIV-associated cardiomyopathy or nephropathy

Differentiating pulmonary disease in paediatric HIV (2)
• TB
– Common- about half of people with HIV
– Less likely to be cavitary, more likely to be pneumonia or extrapulmonary versus non-HIV
– HIV patients do poorly if not treated
– PPD useful if positive
– Smear culture can be done in children with right sampling technique, but not widely available
• LIP
– Chronic, slowly progressive- often older children
– Cough, wheeze, hypoxia
– Clubbing may be present (TB usually will kill before clubbing develops)

Differentiating pulmonary disease in paediatric HIV (2)
• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
– Triad of cough, tachypnea, and hypoxemia
– Acute or subacute, not chronic
– CXR may not be impressive early in disease
• Bacterial pneumonia
– Very common
– Acute presentation
– Usually pneumococcal, but can be many others
• Bronchiectasis
– Chronic with multiple episodes of acute worsening
– CXR shows areas of atelectasis, especially right middle lobe

6 year old with severe distal clubbing secondary to chronic pneumonia
Immunization
• All National EPI immunizations should be given
• BCG
-risk of local adenitis or even disseminated disease; treat with antikoch’s
-benefit outweighs risk
DTP, OPV, Hepatitis B, Measles (may withhold measles vaccine if advanced HIV and measles not active in community

• We had a session examining the new revised pediatric HIV staging (we got a manual) and its bearing on prescribing “ideal HAART” (potent, durable, convenient, non-toxic, tolerable and sustainable).
• We defined HAART as a combination of drugs that is potent enough to stop HIV from growing and requires many different mutations to fail (high genetic barrier to resistance) that the patient takes daily, all doses.
• The real HAART is unsparing-must be taken daily, all doses.
• The issue of resistance to ARVs came up again

• We then began to examine each of the antiretroviral drugs on the PEPFAR list one after the other in some detail-their toxicities, interactions, storage, formulations, palatability, potency, immune reconstitution syndromes e.t.c
• We considered the issue of co-infection of HIV with TB and WHO’s recommendation
• We established that repeated adherence counseling by ALL members of the team is the key HAART success
• The most complication of HAART is resistance
• The treatment of resistance is prevention

• We reviewed the need for excellent ongoing management of the child on HAART
• The role of the family-friendly clinic
• The role of home-based care
• The elements of interval visit
• The place of proper documentation
• The place of adherence

• Treatment failure will occur in some
• ARV specialists must know which drugs to switch to-could be lifesaving
• The workshop facilitators took us through the precursors, mechanisms, indicators, perpetuators of treatment failure
• Successful management of treatment failure is enshrined in a sound knowledge of the different ARV regimen (1st-3rd line) after addressing adherence and the issues listed above

• We again went through the rudiments of post-exposure prophylaxis and universal precaution examining updates about special situations such as rape, PEP following casual coitus, occupational exposure, e.t.c

• An M&E staff of IHV-Nigeria took us through the different PMMs (patient monitoring and management systems) in Nigeria
• He outlined the usefulness of the PMMs-research, patient monitoring, feedback, program evaluation, e.t.c
• Intimated us with the plan of the GON to harmonize all HIV work in Nigeria

• Each day, we reviewed ART cases, the types we encounter in our clinics thus consolidating the theoretical knowledge we were gathering.
• We had a session with our constituency-PLWH/PABA who gave us insightful talks on how we can be more useful in ensuring stigma reduction in the hospital and the society at large

• The workshop ended on Friday evening after we were given some resource materials, certificates, contact information of all participants/trainers.
• We left with a resolve to affect lives

Thanks!!!

Differential Access to Antiretroviral Drugs in the Third World: PEPFAR as a Mitigating Agent

2006-07-29T14:00:00.000-07:00

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV is a scourge that is ravaging humanity. A 2005 global epidemic update by UNAIDS puts the total number of people living with HIV at 40.3 million (adults: 38 million; women: 17.5 million; children under 15 years: 2.3 million). The total number of deaths due to AIDS in 2005 was 3.1 million people (children under 15 years: 570,000). There are about 13 million AIDS orphans worldwide-over 90% of these orphans are in Africa. The number of AIDS orphans is projected to reach 25 million in 2010.
Most of the people living with HIV/AIDS live in the developing world.
Access to antiretroviral drugs and HIV care as a whole has been very difficult in the third world. Earlier on, we grappled with the problem of inadequate capacity. There was only a limited understanding about the dynamics of the disease. Many health facilities lacked the capacity to carry out even simple diagnostic procedures such as the rapid antibody tests. And when eventually this capacity was acquired, those who were positive were not able to procure the antiretroviral drugs that were just coming to the third world. The costs were prohibitive. At that time, in Nigeria, for instance, it cost the equivalent of four months salary to procure a month’s worth of antiretroviral drugs. Apart from the fact that many died from AIDS since they could not afford these drugs, it was difficult to carry out quality assurance on these drugs. Those bent on surviving the scourge got involved in some practices such as monotherapy, skipping doses, sharing medications with relatives and so on, laying a good foundation for multidrug resistance.
The third world is a complex place which has defied conventional economic theories. Poverty and disease exist alongside so much wealth. There is a very deep and wide gulf between the rich and the poor. The rich did not have much trouble procuring their antiretroviral drugs. Ofcourse, the rich also acquire HIV!
The WHO has been instrumental in ensuring universal access to antiretroviral drugs. There was the 3 by 5 campaign and recently again, the urgent call to scale up antiretroviral drug access especially to resource-constrained settings. In response, international donors have taken up the challenge almost in a fevered pitch. And in frenzy, many health facilities have opened up their doors, some stopping short of alluring donors.
PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), a US government initiative, has served as a mitigating agent for some time in alleviating differential access to antiretroviral drugs in the third world. I am not about to sing the praises of PEPFAR but I simply submit that this program has achieved quite some. PEPFAR serves the center where I work. VCT (voluntary counseling and testing), laboratory investigations, antiretroviral drugs, contact tracing and home-based care, capacity building in terms of health personnel training, facility development and so on are all provided by PEPFAR.
And we have seen results. The patients directly benefit. Their follow-up indices gladden our hearts.
We still have a long way to go. The uptake of antiretroviral drugs in the third world is still unacceptably low considering the burden of the disease.
And it is time governments in the third world (as in Botswana) began to put in place the necessary framework to sustain HIV care when the donors have gone: the donors will not be here forever.

Thank you, Christiane Amanpour

2006-07-19T08:14:00.000-07:00

I have just watched Christiane Amanpour’s documentary on AIDS Orphans in Kenya.
The report cannot come at a better time. Though it once again depicts the grim, deathly, hopeless outlook of the African continent, there is a small ray of hope that things can change-this dead horse can live again.
The notion that this kind of report denigrates Africa is utter nonsense. We cannot continue to live in denial. Let all concerned listen to the passionate appeals of Christiane Amanpour, discard the cloak of irresponsibility and act quickly.
See www.cnn.com/eyeonafrica.

Family Medicine in Resource-Poor Settings: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

2006-07-06T09:18:00.000-07:00

Family Medicine is that discipline which provides continuing, coordinated, comprehensive healthcare for all patients irrespective of their age, sex, or type of illness. Family Medicine approaches care from a holistic perspective putting into consideration the patient’s family, environment, culture and community and integrating other specialties in a new whole thereby successfully eliminating the reductionist approach to care.
The Family Physician views the family as a unit of care since the concept of family dynamics in health and disease posits that the family influences the causation, perpetuation, therapy, rehabilitation and prevention of disease. Family Medicine takes cognizance of the General Systems Theory which holds that natural entities and phenomena can be organized into specific systems that share common properties. These systems can in turn be allocated into a hierarchy of systems giving rise to the concepts of the suprasystem or biosphere (the community, culture, family) and subsystem (the person/personality, organs, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms and subatomic particles incorporating the genetic makeup). The individual is managed in this context recognizing that an imbalance in either system can lead to ill health.
The well-trained Family Physician has acquired the requisite skills to build on the strength of the family unit since the family is able to harness resources more than the individual in crisis situations.
The Family doctor thus provides primary, family and secondary healthcare, coordinating care when referrals are needed.
I have just described the ideal above. I make bold to say this situation is not what obtains in many resource-limited communities since I am a trainee Family Physician working in such a community. For ages, the West has realized the cost effectiveness and efficiency of using Primary care/Family Physicians in meeting most of the health needs of its citizenry. Current evidence supports this. Though there are instances of inter-specialty wrangling in some Western countries, policymakers/governments still do the right thing by equipping primary care physicians to take care of most ailments in a sustainable way.
Resource-poor countries must quickly shift position and move in this direction even in the face of constraints such as brain drain, poor remuneration of physicians that are still around, prolonged duration of training of Family Physicians, obsolete training facilities, dearth of trainers, inadequate motivation to enter into residency training, excessive workload on those who decide to train, inter-specialty/discipline bickering, among others.
And we must not shift this responsibility to the government alone-all must be involved in creating this system that sustains itself.

Revisiting Nigerian Health Indicators: Lessons Learnt from the Swedish Example

2006-06-28T12:44:00.000-07:00

I am in Lagos at the moment. I traveled by road from Jos-a 12-hour journey. It was quite exhausting but it allowed me some time off my daily routine. I am not here entirely on vacation. My place of work cannot afford for me to do that. To the contrary, I am here to attend a workshop on reproductive health organized by the Faculty of Family Medicine of the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria. It has been quite revealing, quite riveting!
We discussed several issues that bordered on the ways and means by which we can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Chairmen of Local Government Councils, officials of the Faculty of Family Medicine, among others, were present. Renowned, experienced university professors from Nigeria’s premier university were some of the facilitators. The workshop was participatory in approach. Issues such as the following were appraised:
Community obstetrics-its relevance in reducing maternal mortality in poorly urbanized settings,
Maternal mortality-its cause, effects and needed intervention,
High risk pregnancy
Puerperal sepsis
Breastfeeding
HIV issues in pregnancy
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
Contraception
During one of the sessions, one of the facilitators decried the state of medical record keeping in Nigeria as we could not agree on what the maternal mortality in Nigeria is.
The workshop, for me, has re-echoed the intrigue I wrote about in my last post (see below). By the way, I kept on coming back to that post to compare those figures. I am still amazed by the fact that Sweden, with a population of about 9 million people, spends more than 50 times what Nigeria spends on the health of about 130 million people. Perhaps it is more accurate to say that Sweden’s Total Health Expenditure as % of GDP is twice that of Nigeria. Here lies the difference-responsible governance. And the rest of the Swedish data speak for themselves.
Some may consider it cruel to compare Nigeria with Sweden. But there is no wisdom in doing otherwise. I would rather compare myself with those who are better than me. After all, Nigeria’s Fitch Rating is now BB minus, comparable to some countries that are doing well. The fact that Nigeria is rich in resources, the fact that Nigeria has paid off its debts to her creditors, the fact that Nigerians have got the resolve, among other things, is enough impetus. Jeffery Sachs, the acclaimed global economist and advisor to the United Nations’ Secretary-General is strongly of the opinion that resource-challenged countries have the capacity to initiate the process of change successfully even before the often needed support comes from donor countries. While canvassing for prudence and responsible governance by resource-limited communities, he encourages “big” countries to quickly help so as to achieve the MDGs as scheduled.
Developing countries should take a cue from the foregoing.

Nigerian Health Indicators: Intriguing!

2006-06-16T15:06:00.000-07:00

I found the following Nigerian health indicators on the WHO’s website recently. I consider these very intriguing, very distressing. Take a look. You may leave a comment-perhaps you have a nostrum for Nigeria’s (and other resource-constrained countries) health problems.

Total population: 131,530,000
GDP per capita (Intl $, 2004): 1,085
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years): 45.0/46.0
Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2002): 41.3/41.8
Child mortality m/f (per 1000): 198/195
Adult mortality m/f (per 1000): 513/478
Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2003): 51
Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2003): 5.0
Figures are for 2004 unless indicated. Source: The world health report 2006

Compare these with Swedish statistics:

Total population: 9,041,000
GDP per capita (Intl $, 2004): 30,336
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years): 78.0/83.0
Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2002): 71.9/74.8
Child mortality m/f (per 1000): 4/3
Adult mortality m/f (per 1000): 82/51
Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2003): 2,704
Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2003): 9.4
Figures are for 2004 unless indicated. Source: The world health report 2006

What do you think?

As regards Nigerian Health Reforms

2006-06-13T09:05:00.000-07:00

The Nigerian Government has finally decided to do something about the crisis in the healthcare system. I am sure they are haunted by the fact that the private sector provides 65.7% of healthcare delivery which in most part is unregulated, inaccessible and not affordable to the predominantly poor Nigerian populace.
Although there were a number of white papers on health policy reforms during the protracted, mediocre military era, there was total disconnect between policy formulation and implementation.
This present regime’s effort at revitalizing the Nigerian health system anchors its foundation on a certain health policy (the National Policy and Strategy to achieve health for all Nigerians) promulgated in 1988. This policy was revised by the present administration in 2004 and forms the platform for collaboration with several agencies for healthcare development, including the WHO.
There has been a number of consultations with several stakeholders with the ultimate aim of implementing the health strategies of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD), National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) allowing primary healthcare to remain the fulcrum of sustained, equitable development by encouraging and strengthening Village Health Committees (VHCs) to mobilize community. The following are some of the policy thrusts of the reform agenda:
-National Health System and its Management
-National Healthcare’s Resources Management
-National Health Interventions and Services delivery
-National Health Information Systems
-Partnerships for Health Development
-Health Research and Healthcare Laws.
I do not want to appear pessimistic but there is need for total resolve by all concerned to translate all the above to improved health outcomes for the ordinary Nigerian.
I work as a physician in Nigeria and I experience firsthand the difficulties people face here when trying to obtain quality healthcare or any healthcare at all. Perhaps those experiences are for another post. But it can be very frustrating working in here because of inadequate capacity, among other limitations. You can not help many as you would want to. You cannot even help yourself! We simply toil on.

2006-06-08T16:17:00.000-07:00

Technorati Profile

Of Poverty, Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and Equity

2006-06-07T01:58:00.000-07:00

There has been so much talk about the nexus between extreme poverty (as if poverty in 'mild' form is permissible) and health. It is a vicious cycle of poverty birthing ill health and vice-versa. Prior to the report of the WHO's Commission on Coordination of Macroeconomics and Health(CMH), it was popularly believed that wealth was the driver of health. It is now known that the reverse is the case-health drives poverty reduction.
The WHO's Coordination of Macroeconomics and Health Program aims to support countries to achieve the millenium development goals (MDGs) by encouraging National Ministries of Health focus on the poor by identifying cross sectoral strategies and cost effective options that will sustain improved health outcomes;
strengthen commitments to increased financial investment in health; and
minimize non financial constraints to the absorption of greater investments by increasing efficiency and effectiveness.
I am saddened by the fact that we have become so proficent in drafting policies and neologisms-for instance, Health for All by 2000, Vision 2010, (the list is endless)-without realizing these goals. There is no advantage in finger-pointing. These policies can work if all resolve to contribute to development.
Compare the 2 pictures. Both were taken in Nigeria, my country. There is so much disparity in the socioeconomic status of people here. Ofcourse, most live in conditions you find in the second picture. And it is true that Nigeria is rich in mineral resources.
It is not uncommon to find poverty and so much wealth existing side by side. Did you see Oprah's coverage of Katrina and CNN's coverage of living conditions of some in France?
Many do not crave for stupendous wealth: many simply desire basic, equitable means by which they can lead 'normal' lives.

The Whole Systems View

2006-06-03T11:31:00.000-07:00

It is absolutely imperative to approach healthcare development from the Whole Systems perspective: it is impossible to achieve sustainable development without this. Health systems do not exist in isolation. All other systems must work harmoniously, in synergy to ultimately improve our existence. We all want the better, brighter life. We cringe from human misery.
And we deserve to live well-in the best of health, in abundance, in a sustainable environment.
A lot of effort, no doubt, is needed to create an equitable society. But it is doable!
This picture of a malnourished child on her mother's lap was taken at the Yiriba Feeding Center in Awasa, 300km south of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. This Center's initiative may not be considered an epic in the quest to undo humanity's misery but it is a step in the right direction. We stand guilty of negligence if we stand aloof, fold our arms and do nothing.

The Competitive Advantage

2006-05-28T22:13:00.000-07:00

It is becoming increasingly obvious that to achieve Sustainable Health Systems (SHS), Business, among others, must take the lead. This applies to both developed and resource-limited communities. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now birthing Corporate Social Development (CSD). Successful business leaders know that for business to grow, you must have this competitive advantage. It is all about considering the business of health and consequently, the health of business.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development now has a project that is addressing this issue. Have you read their Executive Brief? Check www.wbcsd.org

Welcome!

2006-05-26T20:51:00.000-07:00

This welcome is belated, but it is better late than never.
I am a Change Agent. I want to see sustainable development especially as regards Health Systems in resource-constrained settings. This is my Creed: my chosen path in life. I seek for people with similar vision-those who are entirely sold out. It is a well known fact that you achieve more when there is a cross-fertilization of ideas; when resources are pooled together.
You cannot as yet acquaint yourself entirely with my person in this single post but I reproduce below an essay I submitted when applying for a Master's Program I have just been admitted into. This will give you a glimpse of me.
Please read.

The Master of Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability Program: My Statement of Interest.

I live in a region of the world termed “developing” . This classification appears to be a misnomer . Everywhere I turn I see stagnation , retrogression and at times , outright decay . There are just a few segments of our daily lives that we have noticed the similitude of progress-slow , painful progress .
I have a background in the health industry. Some of our health indices were better during the pre-independence era than what obtains now. We even have done more harm to ourselves than good during our development, so-called. Consider Nigeria, my country. Nigeria is a populous nation of about 150 million people. This country occupies a landmass of about 923,768 sq km. She is blessed with abundant natural resources but sadly ranks as one of the poorest nations of the world. The average Nigerian lives below the poverty line. Corruption, greed, years of military rule, unstable economic polity, lack of political will and poor planning are some of the reasons why Nigeria remains poor. The health sector is not spared. The health indices are poor. A 2003 estimate puts Nigeria's infant mortality rate at 71 per 1000 live births and life expectancy at 51 years. In 1993, there were 5,208 persons per doctor and for many years, less than 3% of the GDP was spent on health care. Infectious diseases remain a major problem and preventive measures are rudimentary, almost non-existent. Public health institutions are mere spectacles of what they should be: most are under-staffed; the out of stock syndrome is rampant; health workers embark on work to rule campaigns incessantly and many health centers are death traps. There is substantial evidence that things were not this way at the beginning. Our development is not sustained. We grapple with mediocre leadership.
This is the state of many countries in the developing world.
I have been accosted by many, even accused, that I hold a somewhat simplistic, parochial view about the solution to the development issues facing resource-constrained settings. I strongly believe that the solution lies in our hands. We have to allow for responsible leadership that will give Sustainability issues priority of place. Otherwise, we will still continue to reel in the quagmire of under-development. This has been the thrust of my pursuits for a long time.
Ideas of a sustained environment first formed in my mind when I volunteered to join a Self-Help group that embarked on tree planting and beautification of my secondary school. I was in secondary school and we had just had a rain storm that pulled down a good number of the trees in my school. A tutor spearheaded this project and I came to learn from him that an imbalance in the milieu of the things on earth often results in chaos and devastation.
While at the university, I joined a socio-philanthropic organization called Les Ami where we imbibed principles of social responsibility and became advocates of sustainable development especially as regards healthcare delivery. Through this organization, we were able to conduct awareness campaigns about our core values at different levels of the university and the host city. We got some of our funding from the WHO and some public-spirited individuals.
I have an undergraduate degree in Medicine and Surgery from Nigeria’s premier university. I am at the moment involved in postgraduate training in Family Medicine at the Evangel Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Before commencing residency training, I worked with a number of health outfits. Out of these, the public health outfits provided the most satisfaction as they exposed me again to issues of inequity in health distribution, inefficient, inaccessible and dilapidating health systems. I was able to carry out community mobilization and health advocacy which most of the time focused on establishing small but efficient health systems that work for people living in resource-limited communities. Sustaining larger healthcare networks was a challenge.
The Grace and Harold Sewell Foundation recognized these efforts and issued a scholarship to enable me present two papers at the 133rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association last year. The papers bordered on sustainable healthcare development in developing countries. We have authored several other documents for publication/presentation at other fora. Recently, we started addressing the issue of universal access to antiretroviral drugs which is not possible without sustainable supply. If the supply is constant, then, we can scale up all other aspects of HIV care.
I have always nursed the ambition of pursuing a postgraduate degree in public health. While applying to schools around the world, I stumbled on information about the masters program in Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability which began to shed light on a peculiar principle dubbed The Natural Step Framework. I instantly came to terms with the fact that this degree is what I have been looking for to enable me achieve all that I have set to do for my community. For now, I have put on hold the quest to study this broad categorization called public health and pursue initially (if admitted into the program) principles that will empower me to follow my passion-that of ensuring sustainable development especially as regards healthcare delivery.
As at now, I am filled with burning questions which I hope this masters program will enable me to answer. It is common knowledge that health systems do not exist in a vacuum. Disease results as a complex interplay of several factors. And good health is not just the absence of physical ailments-the person is viewed as whole. Thus, the relationship of health systems to other systems is pivotal. Considering the whole systems approach how does health systems relate to other systems? With the well-known demon of brain drain bedeviling developing countries, how do you train and retain manpower for sustainability? What alternatives are available to build human capacity? What is “community”? How do you mobilize community to take responsibility for sustainability? How do you foster social responsibility by the corporate community?
I want to learn from other would-be course participants about how they were able to carry out advocacy campaigns to convince policymakers to ensure that sustainable development is given priority. How do we manage scarce resources to allow for needed growth? How does widespread poverty impart on development? What methods are available to reduce poverty? I can go on.
The developing world is my constituency. My immediate community is my starting point. If I am admitted into this program, I intend to use whatever I learn to ensure sustainable development especially as it relates to sustainable health systems. I will become a better ambassador for this cause.

Ifeolu Joseph Falegan, MD.

The 14th ICASA, Abuja, Nigeria.

2006-05-26T19:25:00.000-07:00

I (in traditional African attire) accompanied 2 Consultant Family Physicians (shown in picture) to the 14th ICASA (International Conference on AIDs and STIs in Africa) that held in Abuja, Nigeria. It was a gathering of world-renowned researchers, AIDs experts, Activists, OVCs (orphan and vulnerable children), PLWHA, donor organizations, pharmaceutical companies, government dignitaries from all over the world and other stakeholders in HIV care.
One message resounded (reverberated?) repeatedly: it is high time we stopped the talk and just took action-simply scale up (in a sane way of course!) all aspects of HIV care. Period!
Here, we brainstormed, after one of the sessions.
Check www.icasa2005.org.ng for other details

Middle level capacity building: Ensuring viable alternatives for under-resourced settings-a case in focus

2006-05-25T12:46:00.000-07:00

DR. IFEOLU JOSEPH FALEGAN*; ECWA EVANGEL HOSPITAL, JOS, NIGERIA

Background- The developing world faces the daunting task of training and retaining manpower. There is a dearth of healthcare professionals. For instance, the projected immediate need of surgical specialists in Nigeria is 5756 but only 1256 are at post leaving a shortfall of 4500. The West African College of Surgeons is at the forefront of ensuring middle level surgical manpower development in Africa. There exist at the moment several programs in various African countries that seek to achieve this same objective. We consider one such case: the example of Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
Method- We examine this hospital, founded in 1959; the different departments; the nationally acclaimed vigorous residency training program in Family Medicine; the dedicated local and foreign experts who facilitate this training and the impact this hospital has had on developing Nigeria’s middle level manpower.
Lessons Learnt- Evangel Hospital complements the effort of the West African College of Surgeons to develop middle level surgical manpower.
Conclusion- To achieve sustainable healthcare development, we must collaborate to discover evidence-based best practices that will ensure viable alternatives and allow for middle level capacity building.
Keywords- Manpower, Under-resourced settings

*Presenter

Submitted for presentation at the 46th Annual Scientific Conference of the West African College of Surgeons.

2006-05-24T23:51:00.000-07:00

Nigeria is a populous nation of about 150 million people. This country occupies a landmass of 923,768 sq km. She is blessed with abundant natural resources but sadly ranks as one of the poorest nations of the world. The average Nigerian lives below the poverty line. Corruption, greed, years of military rule, unstable economic polity, lack of political will, poor planning are some of the reasons why Nigeria remains poor.
The health sector is not spared. The health indices are poor. A 2003 estimate puts Nigeria’s infant mortality rate at 71 per 1000 live births and life expectancy at 51 years. In 1993, there were 5,208 persons per doctor and for many years, less than 3% of the GDP was spent on health care. Infectious diseases remain a major problem and preventive measures are rudimentary, almost non-existent. Public health institutions are mere spectacles of what they should be: most are under-staffed; the out of stock syndrome is rampant; health workers embark on work to rule campaigns incessantly and many health centers are death traps.
The need for alternatives, for other viable options to the existing health care framework was borne out of necessity, out of the quest for survival. There was no intention to compete with public health institutions. Faith-based health institutions provided that viable alternative to rescue the masses from the doldrums prevalent in the nation’s healthcare system.
The ECWA (Evangelical Church of West Africa) medical directorate (EMD) has for many years provided quality healthcare to the ordinary Nigerian. It is a beacon of hope to many. It is a well-planned department of ECWA intended to be efficient in healthcare delivery. It adopts a holistic approach to the care of the person. Thus the recruitment process to the leadership of the EMD is a very thorough and competitive one.
The director of the EMD reports to the leadership of ECWA. He has several deputy directors reporting to him. These deputy directors head various health organizations run by the EMD. The EMD anticipated the problems being encountered by the public health institutions and set out to serve as a model that will bring sustainable healthcare development. Several consultations were made. Existing health policies were critically examined. The reasons for successes and or failures of several health programs were debated. A common standpoint was reached. Several departments were set up to meet different needs.
The School of Health Technology was set up to train community health extension workers. 55% of Nigeria’s populace lives in rural areas with significant health needs. Graduates from this school are trained to meet these peculiar needs.
The ECWA Community Health Program is spread through many states of the federation and is made of primary/secondary health centers. This program often traverses very difficult terrain to bring healthcare to the grassroots. It is a ready employer of graduates from the School of Health Technology.
The ECWA Evangel Hospital is a center of excellence for residency training in family medicine. There are several consultants (local and foreign) in different fields of medicine who facilitate this training. This hospital also serves as a referral center for many hospitals (including government teaching hospitals) in northern Nigeria. It is at the moment undergoing transformation to become the Bingham university teaching hospital.
The Vesico-Vagina Fistula (VVF) center is located within the Evangel hospital premises. It is one of its kinds in the country. It was borne out of necessity as many women develop fistulae due to a complex interplay of several factors. According to a retrospective study done on 899 women with obstetric VVFs in this center (check American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology, 2004, April), the typical VVF patient was small and short; had been married early but was now divorced or separated; was poor, uneducated and from a rural area and had developed her fistula as a primigravida during a labor that lasted at least 2 days and which resulted in a stillborn fetus. This center has significant overseas sponsorship and the latest technology and expertise are employed in the repair of the VVFs of these helpless women.
The Family Health program is sponsored by the Packard foundation. It seeks to provide viable options for the family as a whole. It trains health workers and collaborates with many health institutions especially in northern Nigeria. It aims to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality especially in northern Nigeria. It organizes training workshops for emergency post-abortion care, seminars on family planning, universal precaution, cost-effective ways of managing sexually transmitted infections and so on.
Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM) supports the ECWA Eye hospital, Kano. It is a large eye referral center sited in the second largest city in Nigeria. There are consultant ophthalmologists and others, who help dispense health and train doctors from Nigerian universities undergoing their fellowship training, theater nurses and primary eye care personnel. World-class surgeries are done here. It is a resource center for many eye care projects spread throughout the West African region.
The School of Nursing and Midwifery supplies well-trained and much-needed nurses to the depleted workforce.
The ECWA Hospital, Egbe, also serves as a center of training for family medicine. It has for a long time collaborated with researchers from other Nigerian university to carry out groundbreaking studies. It provides affordable quality healthcare to people in its community.
The EMD has other subsets, which has for a long time been serving the people.
The EMD is involved in several collaborations to achieve its objectives. There is no disconnect with other institutions. It collaborates with the WHO, UNDP, the Packard foundation, EngenderHealth, the Netherlands TB and Leprosy program and so on to bring quality healthcare to Nigerians.
The EMD is not alone in its quest to provide sustainable healthcare development. There are other faith-based initiatives that aim to serve this purpose. This pool of faith-based health organizations provide succor from the turbulence experienced in healthcare delivery in Nigeria.
The lack of space will not allow us the luxury of elucidating the impact the EMD has made on the ordinary Nigerian. The results, however, as overwhelming as they seem, have not made EMD rest on its oars as new opportunities to influence the health polity are continually being sought after.
We present our example. We present this viable option for developing countries.

2-Page Summary for Faith-Based Health Initiatives....

2006-05-24T23:25:00.000-07:00

Community health workers: Vanguards of hope for sustainable healthcare development in developing countries- the ECHP experience

2006-05-24T16:34:00.000-07:00

Ifeolu Joseph Falegan, MD;CertFH;DipCS, Admnistrative Office, ECWA Community Health Program, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ECWA Evangel hospital, ECWA Evangel Hospital Compound, Zaria Byepass, PMB 2238, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, +2348033296006, faleganji@yahoo.com
Nigeria is a large country of about 150 million people with 45% urbanization, life expectancy of 51yrs and infant mortality rate of 71/1000 live births. The dearth of healthcare professionals, political instability, dwindling funds from government and widespread poverty, among others, have made quality healthcare non-existent in many communities. The ECWA (Evangelical Church Of West Africa) Community Health Program (ECHP) with headquarters in Plateau State brings healthcare to the grassroots predominantly through community health workers (CHWs). The program is spread through several states of the federation with more than 110 primary healthcare clinics and maternity centers. Each state has a supervisor; all the supervisors report to the director of the program in a monthly planning and evaluation meeting. The CHW is key. He is highly motivated and innovative. He carries out a needs assessment with the help of community members and plans a program to meet these needs. Such needs and plans are critically examined at the monthly meeting. The ECHP provides seed money as revolving fund. The community provides the infrastructure. Community members form a clinic development committee. Hospital bills are kept at a minimum. There is no support from the government. The program is self-sponsoring. We have seen results. In a community in Bornu state (northern Nigeria), the rate of diarrheal diseases decreased by 62%; hookworm infestation decreased by 86%; and deaths from malaria decreased by 41% after appropriate interventions. A CHW will share our experience, extol the place of the CHW and reveal our aspirations.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this session, the participant will be able to
1.Articulate clearly the role of the CHW in bringing quality healthcare to underpriviledged communities;
2.Discuss the need for policy-makers in developing countries to fully involve CHWs in sustainable healthcare delivery and
3.Develop a healthcare plan for a rural community of 5000 people.
Keywords: Sustainability, Developing Countries
Presenting author's disclosure statement:
I wish to disclose that I have NO financial interests or other relationship with the manufactures of commercial products, suppliers of commercial services or commercial supporters.
CHWs as Integral Members of the Healthcare Team
The 133rd Annual Meeting & Exposition (December 10-14, 2005) of APHA

Faith-based health initiatives: Panacea for sustainable healthcare development in developing countries- the EMD model

2006-05-24T16:24:00.000-07:00

Ifeolu Joseph Falegan, MD;CertFH;DipCS, Admnistrative Office, ECWA Community Health Program, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ECWA Evangel hospital, ECWA Evangel Hospital Compound, Zaria Byepass, PMB 2238, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, +2348033296006, faleganji@yahoo.com
The health situation in Nigeria is representative of what exists in many developing countries. There is poor planning, lack of commitment by government to improve the poor health indices, apathy of the corporate community to the people's health needs, and widespread decay in the existing health infrastructure. Health workers go on strike incessantly, drugs are not available in many public hospitals and there is widespread quackery. The ECWA (Evangelical Church of West Africa) Medical Directorate (EMD) is a faith-based initiative designed (after several consultations and research) to turn the tide and bring sustainable healthcare development free of decay, bureaucratic bottlenecks and epileptic services to Nigerians. The EMD is made up of several institutions: the School of Health Technology which trains community health workers; the ECWA Community Health Program which brings health to the grassroots; the Evangel Hospital which runs one of the best Family Medicine training program in the country; an Eye Hospital where world class eye surgeries are done; the Vesico-Vaginal fistula center (one of its kind in the country), the Family Health Program sponsored by Packard foundation, the School of Nursing and Midwifery and the Egbe ECWA Hospital, among others. The EMD collaborates with the WHO, Engenderhealth, the UNDP, the Packard foundation, the Netherlands Leprosy and TB program, Christoffel Blindenmission and so on to bring quality healthcare to the people of Nigeria. Our success is the outcome of the implementation of evidenced-based policies. This presentation will share our experience and our hope for the future.
Learning Objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to
Describe the prevailing health situation in developing countries;
Articulate, clearly, the place of faith-based initiatives in providing healthcare in such countries;
Advocate increased participation of faith-based health initiatives in developing countries; and
Plan, as a beginner, a small scale health program for people in his faith community.
Keywords: Developing Countries, Faith Community
Presenting author's disclosure statement:
I wish to disclose that I have NO financial interests or other relationship with the manufactures of commercial products, suppliers of commercial services or commercial supporters.
Multi-faith Collaboratives: Partnerships To Improve Health Outcomes
The 133rd Annual Meeting & Exposition (December 10-14, 2005) of APHA

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Tracking Intervention Coverage for Child Survival

You will find below the word format of a powerpoint presentation of a review article I presented at the department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria, recently. It borders on the progress the developing world has made so far towards achieving the MDGs. Please read.

• Review article

• 10 researchers from WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, Johns Hopkins, PMNCH, Universities in Brazil and Pakistan

• Funding for the research provided by these institutions

• Commenced in 2005

Background

• The Millennium Development Goals

• The fourth: achieve 2/3 reduction of under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015

• Other MDGs relate to Child health: the 5th calls for reduction of maternal mortality and others eradication of extreme hunger, universal basic education, etc

• Success in one MDG imparts on others

• MDGs adopted worldwide in 2000

Childhood survival strategies: the evolution

• The 2nd world war and relief provision for children ravaged by war

• Access to health & the Welfare view

• CSDPP: Child Survival Development Protection and Participation policies packaged into GOBIFFF in the 1980s

• The Child Rights Commission (CRC) in the 1990s: health of child a right

• Recently, Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) and the MDGs

The Essence of tracking

To determine the progress (or otherwise) made so far towards achieving the 4th MDG especially in resource-constrained countries of the world so as to intervene early for rapid actualization of the 4th MDG

The Process of Tracking intervention coverage

• In this context, it involves

– Identifying target countries

– Developing profiles for each country

– Identifying essential child survival interventions that are already in place in those countries

– Measuring success of coverage by estimating the annual reduction in under-5 mortality rate

Contd:

– Measuring extent of coverage of essential child survival interventions

– Classifying countries into 3 categories according to progress made towards internationally agreed targets viz: “on track”; “watch and act” and “high alert”

– Feedback

What are the essential Child Survival Interventions?

• There is evidence that a set of about 20 interventions could reduce child mortality by over 60% if made available to all who need them.

• Countries that have good coverage for 6 out of the 20 interventions are rated to be doing well

• The interventions are listed below:

• Note that the figures indicate the median coverage levels (in percentages) of each of the essential interventions in 60 countries with the world highest rates of child mortality; those in parenthesis represent the range

Newborn health

• Skilled attendant at delivery 51(6-97)

• Tetanus protection at birth 59(10-90)

• Postnatal visits within 3/7

• PMTCT 3(0-50)

• Timely initiation of breastfeeding 36(9-72)

Other prevention interventions

• Use of improved sanitation facilities 41(6-80)

• Use of improved drinking water sources 69(13-98)

• Vitamin A supplementation 80(1-98)

• Insecticide-treated bed nets 3(0-44)

Nutrition

• Exclusive breastfeeding at <6mths style="mso-tab-count: 5"> 24(1-84)

• Breastfeeding plus complementary food at 6-9mths of age 66(13-94)

• Continued breastfeeding at 20-23mths of age 54(8-94)

Immunization

• DPT immunization 73(25-98)

• Measles immunization 74(35-99)

• Other MDGs relate to Child health: the 5^th calls for reduction of maternal mortality and others eradication of extreme hunger, universal basic education, etc

• The 2^nd world war and relief provision for children ravaged by war

To determine the progress (or otherwise) made so far towards achieving the 4^th MDG especially in resource-constrained countries of the world so as to intervene early for rapid actualization of the 4^th MDG